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MetaOracle: A High-Throughput Decentralized Oracle for Web 3.0-Empowered Metaverse CHEN Rui, LI Hui, LI Wuyang, BAI He, WANG Han, WU Naixing, FAN Ping, KANG Jian, DENG Selwyn, ZHU Xiang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 11-18.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402003 Abstract （184）   HTML （7）    PDF （1003KB）（100）       Knowledge map    Save Recent rapid advancements in communication technology have brought forth the era of Web 3.0, representing a substantial transformation in the Internet landscape. This shift has led to the emergence of various decentralized metaverse applications that leverage blockchain as their underlying technology to enable users to exchange value directly from point to point. However, blockchains are blind to the real world, and smart contracts cannot directly access data from the external world. To address this limitation, the technology of oracles has been introduced to provide real-world data for smart contracts and other blockchain applications. In this paper, we focus on mitigating the risks associated with oracles providing corrupt or incorrect data. We propose a novel Web 3.0 architecture for the Metaverse based on the multi-identifier network (MIN), and its decentralized blockchain oracle model called MetaOracle. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve minor time investment in return for significantly more reliable data and increased throughput. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Sensing and Communication: Who Benefits More? DU Ruolin, WEI Zhiqiang, YANG Zai ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 37-47.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403006 Abstract （177）   HTML （18）    PDF （1776KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save This paper compares the benefits of communication-assisted sensing and sensing-assisted communication in the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). Communication-assisted sensing leverages the extensive cellular infrastructure to create a vast and cooperative sensor network, enhancing environmental perception accuracy and coverage. On the other hand, sensing-assisted communication utilizes advanced sensing technologies to improve predictive beamforming and channel estimation performance in high-frequency and high-mobility scenarios, thereby increasing communication efficiency and reliability. To validate our analysis, we present an example of channel knowledge map (CKM)-assisted beam tracking. This example demonstrates the practical advantages of incorporating CKM in enhancing beam tracking accuracy. Our analysis confirms that communication-assisted sensing may offer greater development potential due to its wide coverage and cost-effectiveness in large-scale applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Building a Stronger Foundation for Web3: Advantages of 5G Infrastructure FENG Jianxin, PAN Yi, WU Xiao ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 3-10.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402002 Abstract （166）   HTML （12）    PDF （1211KB）（75）       Knowledge map    Save The emergence of Web3 technologies promises to revolutionize the Internet and redefine our interactions with digital assets and applications. This essay explores the pivotal role of 5G infrastructure in bolstering the growth and potential of Web3. By focusing on several crucial aspects—network speed, edge computing, network capacity, security and power consumption—we shed light on how 5G technology offers a robust and transformative foundation for the decentralized future of the Internet. Prior to delving into the specifics, we undertake a technical review of the historical progression and development of Internet and telecommunication technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Special Topic on Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) Technologies for Future Wireless Communication YUAN Jinhong, FEI Zesong, WEI Zhiqiang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 1-3.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403001 Abstract （161）   HTML （18）    PDF （444KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Deadlock Detection: Background, Techniques, and Future Improvements LU Jiachen, NIU Zhi, CHEN Li, DONG Luming, SHEN Taoli ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 71-79.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402009 Abstract （152）   HTML （14）    PDF （438KB）（162）       Knowledge map    Save Deadlock detection is an essential aspect of concurrency control in parallel and distributed systems, as it ensures the efficient utilization of resources and prevents indefinite delays. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the various deadlock detection techniques, including static and dynamic approaches. We discuss the future improvements associated with deadlock detection and provide a comparative evaluation of these techniques in terms of their accuracy, complexity, and scalability. Furthermore, we outline potential future research directions to improve deadlock detection mechanisms and enhance system performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of High-Concurrency Conflict Issues in Execute-Order-Validate Blockchain MA Qianli, ZHANG Shengli, WANG Taotao, YANG Qing, WANG Jigang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 19-29.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402004 Abstract （149）   HTML （6）    PDF （1237KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save With the maturation and advancement of blockchain technology, a novel execute-order-validate (EOV) architecture has been proposed, allowing transactions to be executed in parallel during the execution phase. However, parallel execution may lead to multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) conflicts during the validation phase, resulting in transaction invalidation. Based on different causes, we categorize conflicts in the EOV blockchain into two types: within-block conflicts and cross-block conflicts, and propose an optimization solution called FabricMan based on Fabric v2.4. For within-block conflicts, a reordering algorithm is designed to improve the transaction success rate and parallel validation is implemented based on the transaction conflict graph. We also merge transfer transactions to prevent triggering multiple version checks. For cross-block conflicts, a cache-based version validation mechanism is implemented to detect and terminate invalid transactions in advance. Experimental comparisons are conducted between FabricMan and two other systems, Fabric and Fabric++. The results show that FabricMan outperforms the other two systems in terms of throughput, transaction abort rate, algorithm execution time, and other experimental metrics. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Survey on Task Scheduling of CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Cluster ZHOU Yiheng, ZENG Wei, ZHENG Qingfang, LIU Zhilong, CHEN Jianping ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 83-90.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403010 Abstract （146）   HTML （15）    PDF （848KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reviews task scheduling frameworks, methods, and evaluation metrics of central processing unit-graphics processing unit (CPU-GPU) heterogeneous clusters. Task scheduling of CPU-GPU heterogeneous clusters can be carried out on the system level, nodelevel, and device level. Most task-scheduling technologies are heuristic based on the experts’ experience, while some technologies are based on statistic methods using machine learning, deep learning, or reinforcement learning. Many metrics have been adopted to evaluate and compare different task scheduling technologies that try to optimize different goals of task scheduling. Although statistic task scheduling has reached fewer research achievements than heuristic task scheduling, the statistic task scheduling still has significant research potential. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monolithically Integrated Photonic Structures for Stable On-Chip Solar Blind Communications HE Rui, HU Qiang, RAN Junxue, WANG Junxi, WEI Tongbo ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 3-8.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404002 Abstract （143）   HTML （210）    PDF （1549KB）（190）       Knowledge map    Save A solar-blind multi-quantum well (MQW) structure wafer based on AlGaN materials is epitaxial growth by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The monolithically integrated photonic chips including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), waveguides, and photodetectors (PDs) are presented. The results of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation confirm the strong light constraint of the waveguide designed with the triangular structure in the optical coupling region. Furthermore, in virtue of predominant ultraviolet transverse magnetic (TM) modes, the solar blind optical signal is more conducive to lateral transmission along the waveguide inside the integrated chip. The integrated PDs demonstrate sufficient photosensitivity to the optical signal from the integrated LEDs. When the LEDs are operated at 100 mA current, the photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of the integrated PD is about seven orders of magnitude. The responsivity, specific detectivity, and external quantum efficiency of the integrated self-driven PD are 74.89 A/W, 4.22×1013 Jones, and 3.38×104%, respectively. The stable on-chip optical information transmission capability of the monolithically integrated photonic chips confirms the great potential for application in large-scale on-chip optical communication in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Normalized Least Mean Square Based Interference Cancellation Algorithm for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems YU Xiaohui, YU Shucheng, LIU Xiqing, PENG Mugen ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 21-28.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403004 Abstract （139）   HTML （6）    PDF （1389KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology is a promising candidate for next-generation communication systems. However, severe co-site interference in existing ISAC systems limits the communication and sensing performance, posing significant challenges for ISAC interference management. In this work, we propose a novel interference management scheme based on the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm, which mitigates the impact of co-site interference by reconstructing the interference from the local transmitter and canceling it from the received signal. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to typical adaptive interference management schemes based on recursive least square (RLS) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms, the proposed NLMS algorithm effectively cancels co-site interference and achieves a good balance between computational complexity and convergence performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ultra-Low Linewidth Frequency Stabilized Integrated Lasers: A New Frontier in Integrated Photonics GU Zhenqian, YANG Zhen, ZHA Lulu, HU Junhui, CHI Nan, SHEN Chao ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 29-39.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404005 Abstract （131）   HTML （196）    PDF （2662KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save With the advancement of photonic integration technology, ultra-low linewidth frequency-stabilized lasers have demonstrated significant potential in precision measurement, quantum communication, atomic clocks, etc. This review summarizes the latest developments in integrated photonics for achieving ultra-low linewidth lasers, particularly breakthroughs made by integrating Brillouin lasers. We discuss the design principles, manufacturing processes, performance characteristics, and potential value of these lasers in various applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of LCoS-Based Twin 1×40 Wavelength Selective Switch WANG Han, LIU Maoqi, FENG Zhenhua, LIU Minghuan, MAO Baiwei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 18-28.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404004 Abstract （130）   HTML （9）    PDF （3044KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save Wavelength selective switch (WSS) is the crucial component in the reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM), which plays a pivotal role in the next-generation all-optical networks. We present a compact architecture of twin 1×40 liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)-based WSS, which can be regarded as a 4f system in the wavelength direction and a 2f system in the switching direction. It is designed with theoretical analysis and simulation investigation. Polarization multiplexing is employed for two sources of twin WSS by polarization conversion before the common optical path. The WSS system attains a coupling efficacy exceeding 96% for 90% of the ports through simulation optimization. The 3 dB bandwidth can be achieved by more than 44 GHz at a 50 GHz grid for all 120 channels at all deflection ports. This work establishes a solid foundation for developing high-performance WSS with larger port counts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-View Image-Based 3D Reconstruction in Indoor Scenes: A Survey LU Ping, SHI Wenzhe, QIAO Xiuquan ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 91-98.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403011 Abstract （124）   HTML （3）    PDF （750KB）（116）       Knowledge map    Save Three-dimensional reconstruction technology plays an important role in indoor scenes by converting objects and structures in indoor environments into accurate 3D models using multi-view RGB images. It offers a wide range of applications in fields such as virtual reality, augmented reality, indoor navigation, and game development. Existing methods based on multi-view RGB images have made significant progress in 3D reconstruction. These image-based reconstruction methods not only possess good expressive power and generalization performance, but also handle complex geometric shapes and textures effectively. Despite facing challenges such as lighting variations, occlusion, and texture loss in indoor scenes, these challenges can be effectively addressed through deep neural networks, neural implicit surface representations, and other techniques. The technology of indoor 3D reconstruction based on multi-view RGB images has a promising future. It not only provides immersive and interactive virtual experiences but also brings convenience and innovation to indoor navigation, interior design, and virtual tours. As the technology evolves, these image-based reconstruction methods will be further improved to provide higher quality and more accurate solutions to indoor scene reconstruction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Utilizing Certificateless Cryptography for IoT Device Identity Authentication Protocols in Web3 WU Zhihui, HONG Yuxuan, ZHOU Enyuan, LIU Lei, PEI Qingqi ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 30-38.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402005 Abstract （123）   HTML （6）    PDF （671KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional methods of identity authentication often rely on centralized architectures, which poses risks of computational overload and single points of failure. We propose a protocol that offers a decentralized approach by distributing authentication services to edge authentication gateways and servers, facilitated by blockchain technology, thus aligning with the decentralized ethos of Web3 infrastructure. Additionally, we enhance device security against physical and cloning attacks by integrating physical unclonable functions with certificateless cryptography, bolstering the integrity of Internet of Thins (IoT) devices within the evolving landscape of the metaverse. To achieve dynamic anonymity and ensure privacy within Web3 environments, we employ fuzzy extractor technology, allowing for updates to pseudonymous identity identifiers while maintaining key consistency. The proposed protocol ensures continuous and secure identity authentication for IoT devices in practical applications, effectively addressing the pressing security concerns inherent in IoT network environments and contributing to the development of robust security infrastructure essential for the proliferation of IoT devices across diverse settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hierarchical Federated Learning Architectures for the Metaverse GU Cheng, LI Baochun ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 39-48.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402006 Abstract （123）   HTML （6）    PDF （1189KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of edge computing environments in general and the metaverse in particular, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a distributed machine learning paradigm that allows multiple users to collaborate on training a shared machine learning model locally, eliminating the need for uploading raw data to a central server. It is perhaps the only training paradigm that preserves the privacy of user data, which is essential for computing environments as personal as the metaverse. However, the original FL architecture proposed is not scalable to a large number of user devices in the metaverse community. To mitigate this problem, hierarchical federated learning (HFL) has been introduced as a general distributed learning paradigm, inspiring a number of research works. In this paper, we present several types of HFL architectures, with a special focus on the three-layer client-edge-cloud HFL architecture, which is most pertinent to the metaverse due to its delay-sensitive nature. We also examine works that take advantage of the natural layered organization of three-layer client-edge-cloud HFL to tackle some of the most challenging problems in FL within the metaverse. Finally, we outline some future research directions of HFL in the metaverse. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Multi-Party Vertical Federated Learning FAN Mochan, ZHANG Zhipeng, LI Difei, ZHANG Qiming, YAO Haidong ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 89-96.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404012 Abstract （121）   HTML （2）    PDF （1065KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save As an important branch of federated learning, vertical federated learning (VFL) enables multiple institutions to train on the same user samples, bringing considerable industry benefits. However, VFL needs to exchange user features among multiple institutions, which raises concerns about privacy leakage. Moreover, existing multi-party VFL privacy-preserving schemes suffer from issues such as poor reliability and high communication overhead. To address these issues, we propose a privacy protection scheme for four institutional VFLs, named FVFL. A hierarchical framework is first introduced to support federated training among four institutions. We also design a verifiable replicated secret sharing (RSS) protocol \left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{3}}{\mathrm{2}}\right) -sharing and combine it with homomorphic encryption to ensure the reliability of FVFL while ensuring the privacy of features and intermediate results of the four institutions. Our theoretical analysis proves the reliability and security of the proposed FVFL. Extended experiments verify that the proposed scheme achieves excellent performance with a low communication overhead. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Video Enhancement Network Based on CNN and Transformer YUAN Lang, HUI Chen, WU Yanfeng, LIAO Ronghua, JIANG Feng, GAO Ying ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 78-88.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404011 Abstract （118）   HTML （3）    PDF （1179KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save To enhance the video quality after encoding and decoding in video compression, a video quality enhancement framework is proposed based on local and non-local priors in this paper. Low-level features are first extracted through a single convolution layer and then processed by several conv-tran blocks (CTB) to extract high-level features, which are ultimately transformed into a residual image. The final reconstructed video frame is obtained by performing an element-wise addition of the residual image and the original lossy video frame. Experiments show that the proposed Conv-Tran Network (CTN) model effectively recovers the quality loss caused by Versatile Video Coding (VVC) and further improves VVC's performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-Complexity Integrated Super-Resolution Sensing and Communication with Signal Decimation and Ambiguity Removal DAI Qianglong, ZHOU Zhiwen, XIAO Zhiqiang, ZENG Yong, YANG Fei, CHEN Yan ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 48-55.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403007 Abstract （115）   HTML （7）    PDF （1387KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is one of the main usage scenarios for 6G wireless networks. To most efficiently utilize the limited wireless resources, integrated super-resolution sensing and communication (ISSAC) has been recently proposed to significantly improve sensing performance with super-resolution algorithms for ISAC systems, such as the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. However, traditional super-resolution sensing algorithms suffer from prohibitive computational complexity of orthogonal-frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems due to the large dimensions of the signals in the subcarrier and symbol domains. To address such issues, we propose a novel two-stage approach to reduce the computational complexity for super-resolution range estimation significantly. The key idea of the proposed scheme is to first uniformly decimate signals in the subcarrier domain so that the computational complexity is significantly reduced without missing any target in the range domain. However, the decimation operation may result in range ambiguity due to pseudo peaks, which is addressed by the second stage where the total collocated subcarrier data are used to verify the detected peaks. Compared with traditional MUSIC algorithms, the proposed scheme reduces computational complexity by two orders of magnitude, while maintaining the range resolution and unambiguity. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Learned Distributed Query Optimizer: Architecture and Challenges GAO Jun, HAN Yinjun, LIN Yang, MIAO Hao, XU Mo ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 49-54.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402007 Abstract （113）   HTML （2）    PDF （408KB）（116）       Knowledge map    Save The query processing in distributed database management systems (DBMS) faces more challenges, such as more operators, and more factors in cost models and meta-data, than that in a single-node DMBS, in which query optimization is already an NP-hard problem. Learned query optimizers (mainly in the single-node DBMS) receive attention due to its capability to capture data distributions and flexible ways to avoid hard-craft rules in refinement and adaptation to new hardware. In this paper, we focus on extensions of learned query optimizers to distributed DBMSs. Specifically, we propose one possible but general architecture of the learned query optimizer in the distributed context and highlight differences from the learned optimizer in the single-node ones. In addition, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on Service Curves of Typical Scheduling Algorithms GAO Yuehong, NING Zhi, HE Jia, ZHOU Jinfei, GAO Chenqiang, TANG Qingkun, YU Jinghai ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 55-70.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402008 Abstract （110）   HTML （9）    PDF （814KB）（100）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, various internet architectures, such as Integrated Services (IntServ), Differentiated Services (DiffServ), Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and Deterministic Networking (DetNet), have been proposed to meet the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of different network services. Concurrently, network calculus has found widespread application in network modeling and QoS analysis. Network calculus abstracts the details of how nodes or networks process data packets using the concept of service curves. This paper summarizes the service curves for typical scheduling algorithms, including Strict Priority (SP), Round Robin (RR), Cycling Queuing and Forwarding (CQF), Time Aware Shaper (TAS), Credit Based Shaper (CBS), and Asynchronous Traffic Shaper (ATS). It introduces the theory of network calculus and then provides an overview of various scheduling algorithms and their associated service curves. The delay bound analysis for different scheduling algorithms in specific scenarios is also conducted for more insights. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Kullback-Leibler Divergence Based ISAC Constellation and Beamforming Design in the Presence of Clutter TANG Shuntian, WANG Xinyi, XIA Fanghao, FEI Zesong ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 4-12.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403002 Abstract （109）   HTML （5）    PDF （1696KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is regarded as a pivotal technology for 6G communication. In this paper, we employ Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) as the unified performance metric for ISAC systems and investigate constellation and beamforming design in the presence of clutters. In particular, the constellation design problem is solved via the successive convex approximation (SCA) technique, and the optimal beamforming in terms of sensing KLD is proven to be equivalent to maximizing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of echo signals. Numerical results demonstrate the tradeoff between sensing and communication performance under different parameter setups. Additionally, the beampattern generated by the proposed algorithm achieves significant clutter suppression and higher SINR of echo signals compared with the conventional scheme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Waveguide Bragg Grating for Fault Localization in PON HU Jin, LIU Xu, ZHU Songlin, ZHUANG Yudi, WU Yuejun, XIA Xiang, HE Zuyuan ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 94-98.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402012 Abstract （105）   HTML （7）    PDF （907KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save Femtosecond laser direct inscription is a technique especially useful for prototyping purposes due to its distinctive advantages such as high fabrication accuracy, true 3D processing flexibility, and no need for mold or photomask. In this paper, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) power splitter encoded with waveguide Bragg gratings (WBG) using a femtosecond laser inscription technique for passive optical network (PON) fault localization application. Both the reflected wavelengths and intervals of WBGs can be conveniently tuned. In the experiment, we succeeded in directly inscribing WBGs in 1×4 PLC splitter chips with a wavelength interval of about 4 nm and an adjustable reflectivity of up to 70% in the C-band. The proposed method is suitable for the prototyping of a PLC splitter encoded with WBG for PON fault localization applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Joint Beamforming Design for Dual-Functional Radar-Communication Systems Under Beampattern Gain Constraints CHEN Guangyi, ZHANG Ruoyu, REN Hong, LIN Xu, WU Wen ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 13-20.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403003 Abstract （102）   HTML （5）    PDF （1245KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save The joint beamforming design challenge for dual-functional radar-communication systems is addressed in this paper. The base station in these systems is tasked with simultaneously sending shared signals for both multi-user communication and target sensing. The primary objective is to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication, while also ensuring sufficient beampattern gain at particular angles that are of interest for sensing, all within the constraints of the transmit power budget. To tackle this complex non-convex problem, an effective algorithm that iteratively optimizes the joint beamformers is developed. This algorithm leverages the techniques of fractional programming and semidefinite relaxation to achieve its goals. The numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cooperative Distributed Beamforming Design for Multi-RIS Aided Cell-Free Systems ZHU Yuting, XU Zhiyu, ZHANG Hongtao ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 99-106.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402013 Abstract （101）   HTML （255）    PDF （1611KB）（89）       Knowledge map    Save Cell-free systems significantly improve network capacity by enabling joint user service without cell boundaries, eliminating inter-cell interference. However, to satisfy further capacity demands, it leads to high-cost problems of both hardware and power consumption. In this paper, we investigate multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) aided cell-free systems where RISs are introduced to improve spectrum efficiency in an energy-efficient way. To overcome the centralized high complexity and avoid frequent information exchanges, a cooperative distributed beamforming design is proposed to maximize the weighted sum-rate performance. In particular, the alternating optimization method is utilized with the distributed closed-form solution of active beamforming being derived locally at access points, and phase shifts are obtained centrally based on the Riemannian conjugate gradient (RCG) manifold method. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design whose performance is comparable to the centralized scheme and show great superiority of the RISs-aided system over the conventional cellular and cell-free system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Unsupervised Motion Removal for Dynamic SLAM CHEN Hao, ZHANG Kaijiong, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Ziwen, JIA Xia ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 67-77.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404010 Abstract （97）   HTML （2）    PDF （2006KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save We propose a dynamic simultaneous localization and mapping technology for unsupervised motion removal (UMR-SLAM), which is a deep learning-based dynamic RGBD SLAM. It is the first time that a scheme combining scene flow and deep learning SLAM is proposed to improve the accuracy of SLAM in dynamic scenes, in response to the situation where dynamic objects cause pose changes. The entire process does not require explicit object segmentation as supervisory information. We also propose a loop detection scheme that combines optical flow and feature similarity in the backend optimization section of the SLAM system to improve the accuracy of loop detection. UMR-SLAM is rewritten based on the DROID-SLAM code architecture. Through experiments on different datasets, it has been proven that our scheme has higher pose accuracy in dynamic scenarios compared with the current advanced SLAM algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensing and Communication Integrated Fast Neighbor Discovery for UAV Networks WEI Zhiqing, ZHANG Yongji, JI Danna, LI Chenfei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 69-82.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403009 Abstract （93）   HTML （5）    PDF （1633KB）（89）       Knowledge map    Save In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, the high mobility of nodes leads to frequent changes in network topology, which brings challenges to the neighbor discovery (ND) for UAV networks. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), as an emerging technology in 6G mobile networks, has shown great potential in improving communication performance with the assistance of sensing information. ISAC obtains the prior information about node distribution, reducing the ND time. However, the prior information obtained through ISAC may be imperfect. Hence, an ND algorithm based on reinforcement learning is proposed. The learning automaton (LA) is applied to interact with the environment and continuously adjust the probability of selecting beams to accelerate the convergence speed of ND algorithms. Besides, an efficient ND algorithm in the neighbor maintenance phase is designed, which applies the Kalman filter to predict node movement. Simulation results show that the LA-based ND algorithm reduces the ND time by up to 32% compared with the Scan-Based Algorithm (SBA), which proves the efficiency of the proposed ND algorithms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Tracking for MmWave Communication Systems via Cooperative Passive Sensing YU Chao, LYU Bojie, QIU Haoyu, WANG Rui ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 29-36.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403005 Abstract （91）   HTML （2）    PDF （1614KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save A cooperative passive sensing framework for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems is proposed and demonstrated in a scenario with one mobile signal blocker. Specifically, in the uplink communication with at least two transmitters, a cooperative detection method is proposed for the receiver to track the blocker’s trajectory, localize the transmitters and detect the potential link blockage jointly. To facilitate detection, the receiver collects the signal of each transmitter along a line-of-sight (LoS) path and a non-line-of-sight (NLoS) path separately via two narrow-beam phased arrays. The NLoS path involves scattering at the mobile blocker, allowing its identification through the Doppler frequency. By comparing the received signals of both paths, the Doppler frequency and angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the NLoS path can be estimated. To resolve the blocker’s trajectory and the transmitters’ locations, the receiver should continuously track the mobile blocker to accumulate sufficient numbers of the Doppler frequency and AoA versus time observations. Finally, a gradient-descent-based algorithm is proposed for joint detection. With the reconstructed trajectory, the potential link blockage can be predicted. It is demonstrated that the system can achieve decimeter-level localization and trajectory estimation, and predict the blockage time with an error of less than 0.1 s. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptive Hybrid Forward Error Correction Coding Scheme for Video Transmission XIONG Yuhui, LIU Zhilong, XU Lingmin, HUA Xinhai, WANG Zhaoyang, BI Ting, JIANG Tao ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 85-93.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402011 Abstract （90）   HTML （8）    PDF （1158KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Save This paper proposes an adaptive hybrid forward error correction (AH-FEC) coding scheme for coping with dynamic packet loss events in video and audio transmission. Specifically, the proposed scheme consists of a hybrid Reed-Solomon and low-density parity-check (RS-LDPC) coding system, combined with a Kalman filter-based adaptive algorithm. The hybrid RS-LDPC coding accommodates a wide range of code length requirements, employing RS coding for short codes and LDPC coding for medium-long codes. We delimit the short and medium-length codes by coding performance so that both codes remain in the optimal region. Additionally, a Kalman filter-based adaptive algorithm has been developed to handle dynamic alterations in a packet loss rate. The Kalman filter estimates packet loss rate utilizing observation data and system models, and then we establish the redundancy decision module through receiver feedback. As a result, the lost packets can be perfectly recovered by the receiver based on the redundant packets. Experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the decoding performance significantly under the same redundancy and channel packet loss. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligence Driven Wireless Networks in B5G and 6G Era: A Survey GAO Yin, CHEN Jiajun, LI Dapeng ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 99-105.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403012 Abstract （87）   HTML （6）    PDF （637KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save As the wireless communication network undergoes continuous expansion, the challenges associated with network management and optimization are becoming increasingly complex. To address these challenges, the emerging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have been introduced as a powerful solution. They empower wireless networks to operate autonomously, predictively, on-demand, and with smart functionality, offering a promising resolution to intricate optimization problems. This paper aims to delve into the prevalent applications of AI/ML technologies in the optimization of wireless networks. The paper not only provides insights into the current landscape but also outlines our vision for the future and considerations regarding the development of an intelligent 6G network. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Secure SSL/TLS Communication System Based on Quantum Keys WANG Jigang, LU Yuqian, WEI Liping, JIANG Xinzao, ZHANG Han ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 106-115.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403013 Abstract （87）   HTML （8）    PDF （838KB）（138）       Knowledge map    Save Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols facilitates a secure framework for identity authentication, data encryption, and message integrity verification. However, with the recent development in quantum computing technology, the security of conventional key-based SSL/TLS protocols faces vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a scheme by integrating the quantum key into the SSL/TLS framework. Furthermore, the application of post-quantum algorithms is used to enhance and complement the existing encryption suites. Experimental results show that the proposed SSL/TLS communication system based on quantum keys exhibits high performance in latency and throughput. Moreover, the proposed system showcases good resilience against quantum attacks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tensor Decomposition-Based Channel Estimation and Sensing for Millimeter Wave MIMO-OFDM V2I Systems WANG Jilin, ZENG Xianlong, YANG Yonghui, PENG Lin, LI Lingxiang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 56-68.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403008 Abstract （83）   HTML （2）    PDF （1611KB）（96）       Knowledge map    Save An integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) scheme for a millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) system is presented, in which both the access point (AP) and the vehicle are equipped with large antenna arrays and employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures to compensate the path loss, meanwhile compromise between hardware complexity and system performance. Based on the sparse scattering nature of the mmWave channel, the received signal at the AP is organized to a four-order tensor by the introduced novel frame structure. A CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition-based method is proposed for time-varying channel parameter extraction, including angles of departure/arrival (AoDs/AoAs), Doppler shift, time delay and path gain. Then leveraging the estimates of channel parameters, a nonlinear weighted least-square problem is proposed to recover the location accurately, heading and velocity of vehicles. Simulation results show that the proposed methods are effective and efficient in time-varying channel estimation and vehicle sensing in mmWave MIMO-OFDM V2I systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Special Topic on Advancements in Web3 Infrastructure for the Metaverse Victor C. M. LEUNG, CAI Wei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 1-2.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402001 Abstract （81）   HTML （401）    PDF （411KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-View Structured Light 3D Measurement System LU Ping, ZHANG Yingjie, DENG Fangwei, LIU Wei, HUANG Shijun ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 53-58.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404008 Abstract （80）   HTML （6）    PDF （1049KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save Vision-based measurement technology benefits high-quality manufacturers through improved dimensional precision, enhanced geometric tolerance, and increased product yield. The monocular 3D structured light visual sensing method is popular for detecting online parts since it can reach micron-meter depth accuracy. However, the line-of-sight requirement of a single viewpoint vision system often fails when hiding occurs due to the object’s surface structure, such as edges, slopes, and holes. To address this issue, a multi-view 3D structured light vision system is proposed in this paper to achieve high accuracy, i.e., Z-direction repeatability, and reduce hiding probability during mechanical dimension measurement. The main contribution of this paper includes the use of industrial cameras with high resolution and high frame rates to achieve high-precision 3D reconstruction. Moreover, a multi-wavelength (heterodyne) phase expansion method is employed for high-precision phase calculation. By leveraging multiple industrial cameras, the system overcomes field of view occlusions, thereby broadening the 3D reconstruction field of view. Finally, the system achieves a Z-axis repetition accuracy of 0.48 μm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monolithically Integrating a 180° Bent Waveguide into a III-Nitride Optoelectronic On-Chip System ZHANG Hao, YE Ziqi, YUAN Jialei, LIU Pengzhan, WANG Yongjin ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 40-45.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404006 Abstract （80）   HTML （195）    PDF （2256KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save GaN-based devices have developed significantly in recent years due to their promising applications and research potential. A major goal is to monolithically integrate various GaN-based components onto a single chip to create future optoelectronic systems with low power consumption. This miniaturized integration not only enhances multifunctional performance but also reduces material, processing, and packaging costs. In this study, we present an optoelectronic on-chip system fabricated using a top-down approach on a III-nitride-on-silicon wafer. The system includes a near-ultraviolet light source, a monitor, a 180° bent waveguide, an electro-absorption modulator, and a receiver, all integrated without the need for regrowth or post-growth doping. 35 Mbit/s optical data communication is demonstrated through light propagation within the system, confirming its potential for compact GaN-based optoelectronic solutions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optoelectronic Integrated Chips, Systems, and Key Technologies ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 1-2.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404001 Abstract （73）   HTML （9）    PDF （258KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Distributed Acoustic Sensing System for Vibration Detection and Classification in Railways ZHU Songlin, WANG Zhongyi, XIE Yunpeng, SUN Zhi ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (2): 80-84.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202402010 Abstract （70）   HTML （3）    PDF （920KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save A distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system is proposed and a data processing method for vibration is designed in this paper. The proposed DAS system is based on the Rayleigh scattering signal and utilizes phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry ( ? -OTDR) to demodulate the environmental vibration. It can collect the vibration information in railways and implement vibration classification based on the feature of sensed vibration signals. This system has been deployed in Guangzhou Shenzhen High-Speed Railway, and the experimental results validate its effectiveness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on High-Precision Stochastic Computing VLSI Structures for Deep Neural Network Accelerators WU Jingguo, ZHU Jingwei, XIONG Xiankui, YAO Haidong, WANG Chengchen, CHEN Yun ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 9-17.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404003 Abstract （66）   HTML （3）    PDF （1890KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save Deep neural networks (DNN) are widely used in image recognition, image classification, and other fields. However, as the model size increases, the DNN hardware accelerators face the challenge of higher area overhead and energy consumption. In recent years, stochastic computing (SC) has been considered a way to realize deep neural networks and reduce hardware consumption. A probabilistic compensation algorithm is proposed to solve the accuracy problem of stochastic calculation, and a fully parallel neural network accelerator based on a deterministic method is designed. The software simulation results show that the accuracy of the probability compensation algorithm on the CIFAR-10 data set is 95.32%, which is 14.98% higher than that of the traditional SC algorithm. The accuracy of the deterministic algorithm on the CIFAR-10 dataset is 95.06%, which is 14.72% higher than that of the traditional SC algorithm. The results of Very Large Scale Integration Circuit (VLSI) hardware tests show that the normalized energy efficiency of the fully parallel neural network accelerator based on the deterministic method is improved by 31% compared with the circuit based on binary computing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential Spatial Modulation Mapping Algorithms WANG Chanfei, CHAI Jianxin, XU Yamei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 116-122.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403014 Abstract （65）   HTML （2）    PDF （1469KB）（83）       Knowledge map    Save Differential spatial modulation (DSM) is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme. It has attracted extensive research interest due to its ability to transmit additional data without increasing any radio frequency chain. In this paper, DSM is investigated using two mapping algorithms: Look-Up Table Order (LUTO) and Permutation Method (PM). Then, the bit error rate (BER) performance and complexity of the two mapping algorithms in various antennas and modulation methods are verified by simulation experiments. The results show that PM has a lower BER than the LUTO mapping algorithm, and the latter has lower complexity than the former. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance Characterization of Visible Light Communication Based on GaN High-Voltage LED/PD LU Meixin, JIANG Zitong, FANG Li, YAN Yiqun, YAN Jiabin ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 46-52.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404007 Abstract （61）   HTML （5）    PDF （3733KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save While considerable research has been conducted on the structural principles, fabrication techniques, and photoelectric properties of high-voltage light-emitting diodes (LEDs), their performance in light communication remains underexplored. A high-voltage series-connected LED or photodetector (HVS-LED/PD) based on the gallium nitride (GaN) integrated photoelectronic chip is presented in this paper. Multi-quantum wells (MQW) diodes with identical structures are integrated onto a single chip through wafer-scale micro-fabrication techniques and connected in series to construct the HVS-LED/PD. The advantages of the HVS-LED/PD in communication are explored by testing its performance as both a light transmitter and a PD. The series connection enhances the device's 3 dB bandwidth, allowing it to increase from 1.56 MHz to a minimum of 2.16 MHz when functioning as an LED, and from 47.42 kHz to at least 85.83 kHz when operating as a PD. The results demonstrate that the light communication performance of HVS-LED/PD is better than that of a single GaN MQW diode with bandwidth and transmission quantity, which enriches the research of GaN-based high-voltage devices. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Filtering Coaxial Probe for Passive Intermodulation Characterization BAI Yongjiang, YANG Jiye, ZHU Shaohao, YANG Ye, YE Ming ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 59-66.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404009 Abstract （58）   HTML （1）    PDF （2736KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save Passive intermodulation (PIM) in communication systems is an unwanted interference caused by weak nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of radio frequency (RF) passive components. Characterization of PIM is important for both the study of PIM mechanisms and the location/suppression of PIM sources. PIM probes, made of open-ended coaxial transmission lines, have almost the same coupling strength to carriers and PIM products, and are usually used for near-field PIM characterization. Namely, it doesn’t have any filtering capability. Therefore, it cannot stop the carrier power from entering into PIM tester’s receiver, which may trigger active intermodulation of the receiver and degrade the PIM tester’s performance. To overcome this drawback, a passive filtering coaxial probe is proposed here. Compared with existing passive coaxial PIM probes, it has stronger coupling strength for PIM products than for carriers. Thus, the probe itself can block part of the carrier power entering into the PIM tester’s receiver. This advantage helps improve PIM tester’s overall performance. Both theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted for demonstration. The proposed probe brings more possibility to PIM characterization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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ZTE Communications ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 97-98.   Abstract （48）   HTML （1）    PDF （210KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics