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Integrated Sensing and Communication: Who Benefits More? DU Ruolin, WEI Zhiqiang, YANG Zai ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 37-47.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403006 Abstract （255）   HTML （19）    PDF （1776KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save This paper compares the benefits of communication-assisted sensing and sensing-assisted communication in the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). Communication-assisted sensing leverages the extensive cellular infrastructure to create a vast and cooperative sensor network, enhancing environmental perception accuracy and coverage. On the other hand, sensing-assisted communication utilizes advanced sensing technologies to improve predictive beamforming and channel estimation performance in high-frequency and high-mobility scenarios, thereby increasing communication efficiency and reliability. To validate our analysis, we present an example of channel knowledge map (CKM)-assisted beam tracking. This example demonstrates the practical advantages of incorporating CKM in enhancing beam tracking accuracy. Our analysis confirms that communication-assisted sensing may offer greater development potential due to its wide coverage and cost-effectiveness in large-scale applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ultra-Low Linewidth Frequency Stabilized Integrated Lasers: A New Frontier in Integrated Photonics GU Zhenqian, YANG Zhen, ZHA Lulu, HU Junhui, CHI Nan, SHEN Chao ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 29-39.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404005 Abstract （236）   HTML （198）    PDF （2662KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save With the advancement of photonic integration technology, ultra-low linewidth frequency-stabilized lasers have demonstrated significant potential in precision measurement, quantum communication, atomic clocks, etc. This review summarizes the latest developments in integrated photonics for achieving ultra-low linewidth lasers, particularly breakthroughs made by integrating Brillouin lasers. We discuss the design principles, manufacturing processes, performance characteristics, and potential value of these lasers in various applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Survey on Task Scheduling of CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Cluster ZHOU Yiheng, ZENG Wei, ZHENG Qingfang, LIU Zhilong, CHEN Jianping ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 83-90.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403010 Abstract （221）   HTML （32）    PDF （848KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reviews task scheduling frameworks, methods, and evaluation metrics of central processing unit-graphics processing unit (CPU-GPU) heterogeneous clusters. Task scheduling of CPU-GPU heterogeneous clusters can be carried out on the system level, nodelevel, and device level. Most task-scheduling technologies are heuristic based on the experts’ experience, while some technologies are based on statistic methods using machine learning, deep learning, or reinforcement learning. Many metrics have been adopted to evaluate and compare different task scheduling technologies that try to optimize different goals of task scheduling. Although statistic task scheduling has reached fewer research achievements than heuristic task scheduling, the statistic task scheduling still has significant research potential. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Video Enhancement Network Based on CNN and Transformer YUAN Lang, HUI Chen, WU Yanfeng, LIAO Ronghua, JIANG Feng, GAO Ying ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 78-88.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404011 Abstract （201）   HTML （3）    PDF （1179KB）（98）       Knowledge map    Save To enhance the video quality after encoding and decoding in video compression, a video quality enhancement framework is proposed based on local and non-local priors in this paper. Low-level features are first extracted through a single convolution layer and then processed by several conv-tran blocks (CTB) to extract high-level features, which are ultimately transformed into a residual image. The final reconstructed video frame is obtained by performing an element-wise addition of the residual image and the original lossy video frame. Experiments show that the proposed Conv-Tran Network (CTN) model effectively recovers the quality loss caused by Versatile Video Coding (VVC) and further improves VVC's performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Normalized Least Mean Square Based Interference Cancellation Algorithm for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems YU Xiaohui, YU Shucheng, LIU Xiqing, PENG Mugen ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 21-28.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403004 Abstract （198）   HTML （7）    PDF （1389KB）（182）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology is a promising candidate for next-generation communication systems. However, severe co-site interference in existing ISAC systems limits the communication and sensing performance, posing significant challenges for ISAC interference management. In this work, we propose a novel interference management scheme based on the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm, which mitigates the impact of co-site interference by reconstructing the interference from the local transmitter and canceling it from the received signal. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to typical adaptive interference management schemes based on recursive least square (RLS) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms, the proposed NLMS algorithm effectively cancels co-site interference and achieves a good balance between computational complexity and convergence performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of LCoS-Based Twin 1×40 Wavelength Selective Switch WANG Han, LIU Maoqi, FENG Zhenhua, LIU Minghuan, MAO Baiwei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 18-28.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404004 Abstract （197）   HTML （12）    PDF （3044KB）（219）       Knowledge map    Save Wavelength selective switch (WSS) is the crucial component in the reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM), which plays a pivotal role in the next-generation all-optical networks. We present a compact architecture of twin 1×40 liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)-based WSS, which can be regarded as a 4f system in the wavelength direction and a 2f system in the switching direction. It is designed with theoretical analysis and simulation investigation. Polarization multiplexing is employed for two sources of twin WSS by polarization conversion before the common optical path. The WSS system attains a coupling efficacy exceeding 96% for 90% of the ports through simulation optimization. The 3 dB bandwidth can be achieved by more than 44 GHz at a 50 GHz grid for all 120 channels at all deflection ports. This work establishes a solid foundation for developing high-performance WSS with larger port counts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Multi-Party Vertical Federated Learning FAN Mochan, ZHANG Zhipeng, LI Difei, ZHANG Qiming, YAO Haidong ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 89-96.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404012 Abstract （197）   HTML （2）    PDF （1065KB）（118）       Knowledge map    Save As an important branch of federated learning, vertical federated learning (VFL) enables multiple institutions to train on the same user samples, bringing considerable industry benefits. However, VFL needs to exchange user features among multiple institutions, which raises concerns about privacy leakage. Moreover, existing multi-party VFL privacy-preserving schemes suffer from issues such as poor reliability and high communication overhead. To address these issues, we propose a privacy protection scheme for four institutional VFLs, named FVFL. A hierarchical framework is first introduced to support federated training among four institutions. We also design a verifiable replicated secret sharing (RSS) protocol \left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{3}}{\mathrm{2}}\right) -sharing and combine it with homomorphic encryption to ensure the reliability of FVFL while ensuring the privacy of features and intermediate results of the four institutions. Our theoretical analysis proves the reliability and security of the proposed FVFL. Extended experiments verify that the proposed scheme achieves excellent performance with a low communication overhead. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Special Topic on Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) Technologies for Future Wireless Communication YUAN Jinhong, FEI Zesong, WEI Zhiqiang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 1-3.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403001 Abstract （189）   HTML （18）    PDF （444KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-Complexity Integrated Super-Resolution Sensing and Communication with Signal Decimation and Ambiguity Removal DAI Qianglong, ZHOU Zhiwen, XIAO Zhiqiang, ZENG Yong, YANG Fei, CHEN Yan ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 48-55.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403007 Abstract （186）   HTML （8）    PDF （1387KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is one of the main usage scenarios for 6G wireless networks. To most efficiently utilize the limited wireless resources, integrated super-resolution sensing and communication (ISSAC) has been recently proposed to significantly improve sensing performance with super-resolution algorithms for ISAC systems, such as the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. However, traditional super-resolution sensing algorithms suffer from prohibitive computational complexity of orthogonal-frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems due to the large dimensions of the signals in the subcarrier and symbol domains. To address such issues, we propose a novel two-stage approach to reduce the computational complexity for super-resolution range estimation significantly. The key idea of the proposed scheme is to first uniformly decimate signals in the subcarrier domain so that the computational complexity is significantly reduced without missing any target in the range domain. However, the decimation operation may result in range ambiguity due to pseudo peaks, which is addressed by the second stage where the total collocated subcarrier data are used to verify the detected peaks. Compared with traditional MUSIC algorithms, the proposed scheme reduces computational complexity by two orders of magnitude, while maintaining the range resolution and unambiguity. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monolithically Integrated Photonic Structures for Stable On-Chip Solar Blind Communications HE Rui, HU Qiang, RAN Junxue, WANG Junxi, WEI Tongbo ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 3-8.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404002 Abstract （174）   HTML （210）    PDF （1549KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Save A solar-blind multi-quantum well (MQW) structure wafer based on AlGaN materials is epitaxial growth by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The monolithically integrated photonic chips including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), waveguides, and photodetectors (PDs) are presented. The results of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation confirm the strong light constraint of the waveguide designed with the triangular structure in the optical coupling region. Furthermore, in virtue of predominant ultraviolet transverse magnetic (TM) modes, the solar blind optical signal is more conducive to lateral transmission along the waveguide inside the integrated chip. The integrated PDs demonstrate sufficient photosensitivity to the optical signal from the integrated LEDs. When the LEDs are operated at 100 mA current, the photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of the integrated PD is about seven orders of magnitude. The responsivity, specific detectivity, and external quantum efficiency of the integrated self-driven PD are 74.89 A/W, 4.22×1013 Jones, and 3.38×104%, respectively. The stable on-chip optical information transmission capability of the monolithically integrated photonic chips confirms the great potential for application in large-scale on-chip optical communication in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Separate Source Channel Coding Is Still What You Need: An LLM-Based Rethinking REN Tianqi, LI Rongpeng, ZHAO Mingmin, CHEN Xianfu, LIU Guangyi, YANG Yang, ZHAO Zhifeng, ZHANG Honggang ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 30-44.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501005 Abstract （171）   HTML （198）    PDF （1269KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Save Along with the proliferating research interest in semantic communication (SemCom), joint source channel coding (JSCC) has dominated the attention due to the widely assumed existence in efficiently delivering information semantics. Nevertheless, this paper challenges the conventional JSCC paradigm and advocates for adopting separate source channel coding (SSCC) to enjoy a more underlying degree of freedom for optimization. We demonstrate that SSCC, after leveraging the strengths of the Large Language Model (LLM) for source coding and Error Correction Code Transformer (ECCT) complemented for channel coding, offers superior performance over JSCC. Our proposed framework also effectively highlights the compatibility challenges between SemCom approaches and digital communication systems, particularly concerning the resource costs associated with the transmission of high-precision floating point numbers. Through comprehensive evaluations, we establish that assisted by LLM-based compression and ECCT-enhanced error correction, SSCC remains a viable and effective solution for modern communication systems. In other words, separate source channel coding is still what we need. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Basis Function Generation Based Digital Predistortion Concurrent Neural Network Model for RF Power Amplifiers SHAO Jianfeng, HONG Xi, WANG Wenjie, LIN Zeyu, LI Yunhua ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 71-77.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501009 Abstract （158）   HTML （2）    PDF （749KB）（60）       Knowledge map    Save This paper proposes a concurrent neural network model to mitigate non-linear distortion in power amplifiers using a basis function generation approach. The model is designed using polynomial expansion and comprises a feedforward neural network (FNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed model takes the basic elements that form the bases as input, defined by the generalized memory polynomial (GMP) and dynamic deviation reduction (DDR) models. The FNN generates the basis function and its output represents the basis values, while the CNN generates weights for the corresponding bases. Through the concurrent training of FNN and CNN, the hidden layer coefficients are updated, and the complex multiplication of their outputs yields the trained in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) signals. The proposed model was trained and tested using 300 MHz and 400 MHz broadband data in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. The results show that the model achieves an adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of less than –48 dB within a 100 MHz integral bandwidth for both the training and test datasets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-View Image-Based 3D Reconstruction in Indoor Scenes: A Survey LU Ping, SHI Wenzhe, QIAO Xiuquan ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 91-98.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403011 Abstract （158）   HTML （5）    PDF （750KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Save Three-dimensional reconstruction technology plays an important role in indoor scenes by converting objects and structures in indoor environments into accurate 3D models using multi-view RGB images. It offers a wide range of applications in fields such as virtual reality, augmented reality, indoor navigation, and game development. Existing methods based on multi-view RGB images have made significant progress in 3D reconstruction. These image-based reconstruction methods not only possess good expressive power and generalization performance, but also handle complex geometric shapes and textures effectively. Despite facing challenges such as lighting variations, occlusion, and texture loss in indoor scenes, these challenges can be effectively addressed through deep neural networks, neural implicit surface representations, and other techniques. The technology of indoor 3D reconstruction based on multi-view RGB images has a promising future. It not only provides immersive and interactive virtual experiences but also brings convenience and innovation to indoor navigation, interior design, and virtual tours. As the technology evolves, these image-based reconstruction methods will be further improved to provide higher quality and more accurate solutions to indoor scene reconstruction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensing and Communication Integrated Fast Neighbor Discovery for UAV Networks WEI Zhiqing, ZHANG Yongji, JI Danna, LI Chenfei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 69-82.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403009 Abstract （156）   HTML （7）    PDF （1633KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, the high mobility of nodes leads to frequent changes in network topology, which brings challenges to the neighbor discovery (ND) for UAV networks. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), as an emerging technology in 6G mobile networks, has shown great potential in improving communication performance with the assistance of sensing information. ISAC obtains the prior information about node distribution, reducing the ND time. However, the prior information obtained through ISAC may be imperfect. Hence, an ND algorithm based on reinforcement learning is proposed. The learning automaton (LA) is applied to interact with the environment and continuously adjust the probability of selecting beams to accelerate the convergence speed of ND algorithms. Besides, an efficient ND algorithm in the neighbor maintenance phase is designed, which applies the Kalman filter to predict node movement. Simulation results show that the LA-based ND algorithm reduces the ND time by up to 32% compared with the Scan-Based Algorithm (SBA), which proves the efficiency of the proposed ND algorithms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Special Topic on Native Intelligence at the Physical Layer ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 1-2.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501001 Abstract （151）   HTML （4）    PDF （351KB）（92）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Kullback-Leibler Divergence Based ISAC Constellation and Beamforming Design in the Presence of Clutter TANG Shuntian, WANG Xinyi, XIA Fanghao, FEI Zesong ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 4-12.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403002 Abstract （147）   HTML （6）    PDF （1696KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is regarded as a pivotal technology for 6G communication. In this paper, we employ Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) as the unified performance metric for ISAC systems and investigate constellation and beamforming design in the presence of clutters. In particular, the constellation design problem is solved via the successive convex approximation (SCA) technique, and the optimal beamforming in terms of sensing KLD is proven to be equivalent to maximizing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of echo signals. Numerical results demonstrate the tradeoff between sensing and communication performance under different parameter setups. Additionally, the beampattern generated by the proposed algorithm achieves significant clutter suppression and higher SINR of echo signals compared with the conventional scheme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Doppler Rate Estimation for OTFS via Large-Scale Antenna Array SHAN Yaru, WANG Fanggang, HAO Yaxing, HUA Jian, XIN Yu ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 115-122.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501015 Abstract （146）   HTML （6）    PDF （1355KB）（72）       Knowledge map    Save Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) can resist the Doppler effect and guarantee reliable communication in high-speed scenarios. However, the Doppler rate induced by the relative acceleration between the transmitter and receiver degrades the performance of the OTFS. So far, the impact of the Doppler rate on OTFS systems has not been addressed. In this paper, we first introduce the Doppler rate in the OTFS system and derive the delay-Doppler domain input-output relation. In addition, the impact of the Doppler rate on the effective delay-Doppler domain channel is characterized by utilizing the first mean value theorem for definite integrals to avoid complicated integrals. To mitigate the effect of the Doppler rate, a large-scale antenna array is arranged at the receiver to separate each path of the multi-path channel through a high-resolution spatial matched filter beamformer. Next, the Doppler rate estimation scheme for an arbitrary order Doppler rate is proposed based on the successive interference cancellation pattern and the maximization of the spectrum of the ratio of high-order moments between the received samples in the identified branch and the transmitted samples. Finally, the estimation accuracy of the Doppler rate and the error performance of the proposed transceiver are validated by the numerical results. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficient PSS Detection Algorithm Aided by CNN LI Lanlan ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 63-70.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501008 Abstract （139）   HTML （3）    PDF （678KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save In a 5G mobile communication system, cell search is the initial step in establishing downlink synchronization between user equipment (UE) and base stations (BS). Primary synchronization signal (PSS) detection is a crucial part of this process, and enhancing PSS detection speed can reduce communication latency and improve overall quality. This paper proposes a fast PSS detection algorithm based on the correlation characteristics of PSS time-domain superposition signals. Conducting PSS signal correlation within a smaller range can reduce computational complexity and accelerates communication speed. Additionally, frequency offset can impact the accuracy of calculations during the PSS detection process. To address this issue, we propose applying convolutional neural networks (CNN) for frequency offset estimation of synchronization signals. By compensating for the frequency of related signals, the accuracy of PSS detection is improved. Finally, the analysis and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endogenous Security Through AI-Driven Physical-Layer Authentication for Future 6G Networks MENG Rui, FAN Dayu, XU Xiaodong, LYU Suyu, TAO Xiaofeng ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 18-29.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501004 Abstract （137）   HTML （197）    PDF （949KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save To ensure the access security of 6G, physical-layer authentication (PLA) leverages the randomness and space-time-frequency uniqueness of the channel to provide unique identity signatures for transmitters. Furthermore, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates the learning of the distribution characteristics of channel fingerprints, effectively addressing the uncertainties and unknown dynamic challenges in wireless link modeling. This paper reviews representative AI-enabled PLA schemes and proposes a graph neural network (GNN)-based PLA approach in response to the challenges existing methods face in identifying mobile users. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms six baseline schemes in terms of authentication accuracy. Furthermore, this paper outlines the future development directions of PLA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Unsupervised Motion Removal for Dynamic SLAM CHEN Hao, ZHANG Kaijiong, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Ziwen, JIA Xia ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 67-77.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404010 Abstract （134）   HTML （2）    PDF （2006KB）（104）       Knowledge map    Save We propose a dynamic simultaneous localization and mapping technology for unsupervised motion removal (UMR-SLAM), which is a deep learning-based dynamic RGBD SLAM. It is the first time that a scheme combining scene flow and deep learning SLAM is proposed to improve the accuracy of SLAM in dynamic scenes, in response to the situation where dynamic objects cause pose changes. The entire process does not require explicit object segmentation as supervisory information. We also propose a loop detection scheme that combines optical flow and feature similarity in the backend optimization section of the SLAM system to improve the accuracy of loop detection. UMR-SLAM is rewritten based on the DROID-SLAM code architecture. Through experiments on different datasets, it has been proven that our scheme has higher pose accuracy in dynamic scenarios compared with the current advanced SLAM algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficient Spatio-Temporal Predictive Learning for Massive MIMO CSI Prediction CHENG Jiaming, CHEN Wei, LI Lun, AI Bo ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 3-10.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501002 Abstract （127）   HTML （210）    PDF （1023KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate channel state information (CSI) is crucial for 6G wireless communication systems to accommodate the growing demands of mobile broadband services. In massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, traditional CSI feedback approaches face challenges such as performance degradation due to feedback delay and channel aging caused by user mobility. To address these issues, we propose a novel spatio-temporal predictive network (STPNet) that jointly integrates CSI feedback and prediction modules. STPNet employs stacked Inception modules to learn the spatial correlation and temporal evolution of CSI, which captures both the local and the global spatio-temporal features. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) adaptive module is designed to adapt flexibly to diverse feedback channel conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that STPNet outperforms existing channel prediction methods under various channel conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential Spatial Modulation Mapping Algorithms WANG Chanfei, CHAI Jianxin, XU Yamei ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 116-122.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403014 Abstract （125）   HTML （2）    PDF （1469KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save Differential spatial modulation (DSM) is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme. It has attracted extensive research interest due to its ability to transmit additional data without increasing any radio frequency chain. In this paper, DSM is investigated using two mapping algorithms: Look-Up Table Order (LUTO) and Permutation Method (PM). Then, the bit error rate (BER) performance and complexity of the two mapping algorithms in various antennas and modulation methods are verified by simulation experiments. The results show that PM has a lower BER than the LUTO mapping algorithm, and the latter has lower complexity than the former. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Joint Beamforming Design for Dual-Functional Radar-Communication Systems Under Beampattern Gain Constraints CHEN Guangyi, ZHANG Ruoyu, REN Hong, LIN Xu, WU Wen ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 13-20.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403003 Abstract （122）   HTML （5）    PDF （1245KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save The joint beamforming design challenge for dual-functional radar-communication systems is addressed in this paper. The base station in these systems is tasked with simultaneously sending shared signals for both multi-user communication and target sensing. The primary objective is to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication, while also ensuring sufficient beampattern gain at particular angles that are of interest for sensing, all within the constraints of the transmit power budget. To tackle this complex non-convex problem, an effective algorithm that iteratively optimizes the joint beamformers is developed. This algorithm leverages the techniques of fractional programming and semidefinite relaxation to achieve its goals. The numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Tracking for MmWave Communication Systems via Cooperative Passive Sensing YU Chao, LYU Bojie, QIU Haoyu, WANG Rui ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 29-36.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403005 Abstract （118）   HTML （2）    PDF （1614KB）（98）       Knowledge map    Save A cooperative passive sensing framework for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems is proposed and demonstrated in a scenario with one mobile signal blocker. Specifically, in the uplink communication with at least two transmitters, a cooperative detection method is proposed for the receiver to track the blocker’s trajectory, localize the transmitters and detect the potential link blockage jointly. To facilitate detection, the receiver collects the signal of each transmitter along a line-of-sight (LoS) path and a non-line-of-sight (NLoS) path separately via two narrow-beam phased arrays. The NLoS path involves scattering at the mobile blocker, allowing its identification through the Doppler frequency. By comparing the received signals of both paths, the Doppler frequency and angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the NLoS path can be estimated. To resolve the blocker’s trajectory and the transmitters’ locations, the receiver should continuously track the mobile blocker to accumulate sufficient numbers of the Doppler frequency and AoA versus time observations. Finally, a gradient-descent-based algorithm is proposed for joint detection. With the reconstructed trajectory, the potential link blockage can be predicted. It is demonstrated that the system can achieve decimeter-level localization and trajectory estimation, and predict the blockage time with an error of less than 0.1 s. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligence Driven Wireless Networks in B5G and 6G Era: A Survey GAO Yin, CHEN Jiajun, LI Dapeng ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 99-105.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403012 Abstract （118）   HTML （6）    PDF （637KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save As the wireless communication network undergoes continuous expansion, the challenges associated with network management and optimization are becoming increasingly complex. To address these challenges, the emerging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have been introduced as a powerful solution. They empower wireless networks to operate autonomously, predictively, on-demand, and with smart functionality, offering a promising resolution to intricate optimization problems. This paper aims to delve into the prevalent applications of AI/ML technologies in the optimization of wireless networks. The paper not only provides insights into the current landscape but also outlines our vision for the future and considerations regarding the development of an intelligent 6G network. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Secure SSL/TLS Communication System Based on Quantum Keys WANG Jigang, LU Yuqian, WEI Liping, JIANG Xinzao, ZHANG Han ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 106-115.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403013 Abstract （118）   HTML （9）    PDF （838KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Save Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols facilitates a secure framework for identity authentication, data encryption, and message integrity verification. However, with the recent development in quantum computing technology, the security of conventional key-based SSL/TLS protocols faces vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a scheme by integrating the quantum key into the SSL/TLS framework. Furthermore, the application of post-quantum algorithms is used to enhance and complement the existing encryption suites. Experimental results show that the proposed SSL/TLS communication system based on quantum keys exhibits high performance in latency and throughput. Moreover, the proposed system showcases good resilience against quantum attacks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tensor Decomposition-Based Channel Estimation and Sensing for Millimeter Wave MIMO-OFDM V2I Systems WANG Jilin, ZENG Xianlong, YANG Yonghui, PENG Lin, LI Lingxiang ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (3): 56-68.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202403008 Abstract （118）   HTML （4）    PDF （1611KB）（134）       Knowledge map    Save An integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) scheme for a millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) system is presented, in which both the access point (AP) and the vehicle are equipped with large antenna arrays and employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures to compensate the path loss, meanwhile compromise between hardware complexity and system performance. Based on the sparse scattering nature of the mmWave channel, the received signal at the AP is organized to a four-order tensor by the introduced novel frame structure. A CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition-based method is proposed for time-varying channel parameter extraction, including angles of departure/arrival (AoDs/AoAs), Doppler shift, time delay and path gain. Then leveraging the estimates of channel parameters, a nonlinear weighted least-square problem is proposed to recover the location accurately, heading and velocity of vehicles. Simulation results show that the proposed methods are effective and efficient in time-varying channel estimation and vehicle sensing in mmWave MIMO-OFDM V2I systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monolithically Integrating a 180° Bent Waveguide into a III-Nitride Optoelectronic On-Chip System ZHANG Hao, YE Ziqi, YUAN Jialei, LIU Pengzhan, WANG Yongjin ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 40-45.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404006 Abstract （118）   HTML （198）    PDF （2256KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Save GaN-based devices have developed significantly in recent years due to their promising applications and research potential. A major goal is to monolithically integrate various GaN-based components onto a single chip to create future optoelectronic systems with low power consumption. This miniaturized integration not only enhances multifunctional performance but also reduces material, processing, and packaging costs. In this study, we present an optoelectronic on-chip system fabricated using a top-down approach on a III-nitride-on-silicon wafer. The system includes a near-ultraviolet light source, a monitor, a 180° bent waveguide, an electro-absorption modulator, and a receiver, all integrated without the need for regrowth or post-growth doping. 35 Mbit/s optical data communication is demonstrated through light propagation within the system, confirming its potential for compact GaN-based optoelectronic solutions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-View Structured Light 3D Measurement System LU Ping, ZHANG Yingjie, DENG Fangwei, LIU Wei, HUANG Shijun ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 53-58.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404008 Abstract （116）   HTML （6）    PDF （1049KB）（116）       Knowledge map    Save Vision-based measurement technology benefits high-quality manufacturers through improved dimensional precision, enhanced geometric tolerance, and increased product yield. The monocular 3D structured light visual sensing method is popular for detecting online parts since it can reach micron-meter depth accuracy. However, the line-of-sight requirement of a single viewpoint vision system often fails when hiding occurs due to the object’s surface structure, such as edges, slopes, and holes. To address this issue, a multi-view 3D structured light vision system is proposed in this paper to achieve high accuracy, i.e., Z-direction repeatability, and reduce hiding probability during mechanical dimension measurement. The main contribution of this paper includes the use of industrial cameras with high resolution and high frame rates to achieve high-precision 3D reconstruction. Moreover, a multi-wavelength (heterodyne) phase expansion method is employed for high-precision phase calculation. By leveraging multiple industrial cameras, the system overcomes field of view occlusions, thereby broadening the 3D reconstruction field of view. Finally, the system achieves a Z-axis repetition accuracy of 0.48 μm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement and Analysis of Radar-Cross-Section of UAV at 21–26 GHz Frequency Band AN Hao, LIU Ting, HE Danping, MA Yihua, DOU Jianwu ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 107-114.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501014 Abstract （103）   HTML （3）    PDF （1717KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save With the emergence of the 6G technology, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has become a hot-spot vertical application. The low-altitude scenario is considered to be a significant use case of the ISAC. However, the existing channel model is hard to meet the demands of the sensing function. The radar-cross-section (RCS) is a critical feature for the sensing part, while accurate RCS data for the typical frequency band of ISAC are still lacking. Therefore, this paper conducts measurements and analysis of the RCS data of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under multiple poses and angles in real flying conditions. The echo from a UAV is acquired in an anechoic chamber, and the RCS values are calculated. The results of different flying attitudes are analyzed, providing RCS features for the ISAC applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance Characterization of Visible Light Communication Based on GaN High-Voltage LED/PD LU Meixin, JIANG Zitong, FANG Li, YAN Yiqun, YAN Jiabin ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 46-52.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404007 Abstract （100）   HTML （8）    PDF （3733KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save While considerable research has been conducted on the structural principles, fabrication techniques, and photoelectric properties of high-voltage light-emitting diodes (LEDs), their performance in light communication remains underexplored. A high-voltage series-connected LED or photodetector (HVS-LED/PD) based on the gallium nitride (GaN) integrated photoelectronic chip is presented in this paper. Multi-quantum wells (MQW) diodes with identical structures are integrated onto a single chip through wafer-scale micro-fabrication techniques and connected in series to construct the HVS-LED/PD. The advantages of the HVS-LED/PD in communication are explored by testing its performance as both a light transmitter and a PD. The series connection enhances the device's 3 dB bandwidth, allowing it to increase from 1.56 MHz to a minimum of 2.16 MHz when functioning as an LED, and from 47.42 kHz to at least 85.83 kHz when operating as a PD. The results demonstrate that the light communication performance of HVS-LED/PD is better than that of a single GaN MQW diode with bandwidth and transmission quantity, which enriches the research of GaN-based high-voltage devices. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optoelectronic Integrated Chips, Systems, and Key Technologies ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 1-2.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404001 Abstract （100）   HTML （10）    PDF （258KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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RIS Enabled Simultaneous Transmission and Key Generation with PPO: Exploring Security Boundary of RIS Phase Shift FAN Kaiqing, YAO Yuze, GAO Ning, LI Xiao, JIN Shi ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 11-17.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501003 Abstract （95）   HTML （197）    PDF （622KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels and the development of quantum computers, the confidentiality of wireless communication is seriously threatened. In this paper, we propose an integrated communications and security (ICAS) design to enhance communication security using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), in which the physical layer key generation (PLKG) rate and the data transmission rate are jointly considered. Specifically, to deal with the threat of eavesdropping attackers, we focus on studying the simultaneous transmission and key generation (STAG) by configuring the RIS phase shift. Firstly, we derive the key generation rate of the RIS assisted PLKG and formulate the optimization problem. Then, in light of the dynamic wireless environments, the optimization problem is modeled as a finite Markov decision process. We put forward a policy gradient-based proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm to optimize the continuous phase shift of the RIS, which improves the convergence stability and explores the security boundary of the RIS phase shift for STAG. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the benchmark method in convergence stability and system performance. By reasonably allocating the weight factors for the data transmission rate and the key generation rate, “one-time pad” communication can be achieved. The proposed method has about 90% performance improvement for “one-time pad” communication compared with the benchmark methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Filtering Coaxial Probe for Passive Intermodulation Characterization BAI Yongjiang, YANG Jiye, ZHU Shaohao, YANG Ye, YE Ming ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 59-66.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404009 Abstract （93）   HTML （1）    PDF （2736KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save Passive intermodulation (PIM) in communication systems is an unwanted interference caused by weak nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of radio frequency (RF) passive components. Characterization of PIM is important for both the study of PIM mechanisms and the location/suppression of PIM sources. PIM probes, made of open-ended coaxial transmission lines, have almost the same coupling strength to carriers and PIM products, and are usually used for near-field PIM characterization. Namely, it doesn’t have any filtering capability. Therefore, it cannot stop the carrier power from entering into PIM tester’s receiver, which may trigger active intermodulation of the receiver and degrade the PIM tester’s performance. To overcome this drawback, a passive filtering coaxial probe is proposed here. Compared with existing passive coaxial PIM probes, it has stronger coupling strength for PIM products than for carriers. Thus, the probe itself can block part of the carrier power entering into the PIM tester’s receiver. This advantage helps improve PIM tester’s overall performance. Both theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted for demonstration. The proposed probe brings more possibility to PIM characterization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on High-Precision Stochastic Computing VLSI Structures for Deep Neural Network Accelerators WU Jingguo, ZHU Jingwei, XIONG Xiankui, YAO Haidong, WANG Chengchen, CHEN Yun ZTE Communications    2024, 22 (4): 9-17.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202404003 Abstract （93）   HTML （4）    PDF （1890KB）（116）       Knowledge map    Save Deep neural networks (DNN) are widely used in image recognition, image classification, and other fields. However, as the model size increases, the DNN hardware accelerators face the challenge of higher area overhead and energy consumption. In recent years, stochastic computing (SC) has been considered a way to realize deep neural networks and reduce hardware consumption. A probabilistic compensation algorithm is proposed to solve the accuracy problem of stochastic calculation, and a fully parallel neural network accelerator based on a deterministic method is designed. The software simulation results show that the accuracy of the probability compensation algorithm on the CIFAR-10 data set is 95.32%, which is 14.98% higher than that of the traditional SC algorithm. The accuracy of the deterministic algorithm on the CIFAR-10 dataset is 95.06%, which is 14.72% higher than that of the traditional SC algorithm. The results of Very Large Scale Integration Circuit (VLSI) hardware tests show that the normalized energy efficiency of the fully parallel neural network accelerator based on the deterministic method is improved by 31% compared with the circuit based on binary computing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of NWDAF Development Architecture for 6G AI-Native Networks HE Shiwen, PENG Shilin, DONG Haolei, WANG Liangpeng, AN Zhenyu ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 45-52.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501006 Abstract （86）   HTML （4）    PDF （938KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save Artificial intelligence (AI)-native communication is considered one of the key technologies for the development of 6G mobile communication networks. This paper investigates the architecture for developing the network data analytics function (NWDAF) in 6G AI-native networks. The architecture integrates two key components: data collection and management, and model training and management. It achieves real-time data collection and management, establishing a complete workflow encompassing AI model training, deployment, and intelligent decision-making. The architecture workflow is evaluated through a vertical scaling use case by constructing an AI-native network testbed on Kubernetes. Within this proposed NWDAF, several machine learning (ML) models are trained to make vertical scaling decisions for user plane function (UPF) instances based on data collected from various network functions (NFs). These decisions are executed through the Kubernetes API, which dynamically allocates appropriate resources to UPF instances. The experimental results show that all implemented models demonstrate satisfactory predictive capabilities. Moreover, compared with the threshold-based method in Kubernetes, all models show a significant advantage in response time. This study not only introduces a novel AI-native NWDAF architecture but also demonstrates the potential of AI models to significantly improve network management and resource scaling in 6G networks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Precise Location of Passive Intermodulation in Long Cables by Fractional Frequency Based Multi-Range Rulers DONG Anhua, LIANG Haodong, ZHU Shaohao, ZHANG Qi, ZHAO Deshuang ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 101-106.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501013 Abstract （85）   HTML （1）    PDF （689KB）（47）       Knowledge map    Save A novel method is developed by utilizing the fractional frequency based multi-range rulers to precisely position the passive intermodulation (PIM) sources within radio frequency (RF) cables. The proposed method employs a set of fractional frequencies to create multiple measuring rulers with different metric ranges to determine the values of the tens, ones, tenths, and hundredths digits of the distance. Among these rulers, the one with the lowest frequency determines the maximum metric range, while the one with the highest frequency decides the highest achievable accuracy of the position system. For all rulers, the metric accuracy is uniquely determined by the phase accuracy of the detected PIM signals. With the all-phase Fourier transform method, the phases of the PIM signals at all fractional frequencies maintain almost the same accuracy, approximately 1°(about 1/360 wavelength in the positioning accuracy) at the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10 dB. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, improving the positioning accuracy of the cable PIM up to a millimeter level with the highest fractional frequency operating at 200 MHz. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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VFabric: A Digital Twin Emulator for Core Switching Equipment WANG Qianglin, ZHANG Xiaoning, YANG Yi, FAN Chenyu, YUE Yangyang, WU Wei, DUAN Wei ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 90-100.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501012 Abstract （64）   HTML （1）    PDF （938KB）（136）       Knowledge map    Save The proliferation of heterogeneous networks, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, and edge networks, has increased the complexity of network operation and administration, driving the emergence of digital twin networks (DTNs) that create digital-physical network mappings. While DTNs enable performance analysis through emulation testbeds, current research focuses on network-level systems, neglecting equipment-level emulation of critical components like core switches and routers. To address this issue, we propose vFabric (short for virtual switch), a digital twin emulator for high-capacity core switching equipment. This solution implements virtual switching and network processor (NP) chip models through specialized processes, deployable on single or distributed servers via socket communication. The vFabric emulator can realize the accurate emulation for the core switching equipment with 720 ports and 100 Gbit/s per port on the largest scale. To our knowledge, this represents the first digital twin emulation framework specifically designed for large-capacity core switching equipment in communication networks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dual-Polarized 2D Beam-Scanning Antenna Based on Reconfigurable Reflective Elements LIU Zhipeng, LI Kexin, CAI Yuanming, LIU Feng, GUO Jiayin ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 85-89.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501011 Abstract （61）   HTML （1）    PDF （1213KB）（54）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, a dual-polarized antenna operating at 3.5 GHz is presented with 2D beam-scanning performance. The steerable beam is realized based on a 2×2 active reflective metasurface. The active metasurface is composed of folded annular rings and cross dipoles embedded with voltage-controlled varactor diodes. By tuning the capacitance values of the varactors, the reflective phase of the metasurface is reconfigured to tilt the main beam. To verify the scanning performance, a prototype is fabricated and measured. At 3.5 GHz, the measured scanning ranges are from -25° to 29° and -27° to 29° in the XOZ and YOZ planes, respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Wide Passband Frequency Selective Surface with Angular Stability TANG Xingyang, SUI Jia, FU Jiahui, YANG Kaiwen, ZHAO Zhipeng ZTE Communications    2025, 23 (1): 78-84.   DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202501010 Abstract （60）   HTML （2）    PDF （1184KB）（60）       Knowledge map    Save A wide passband frequency selective surface (FSS) is proposed using a five-layer stacked structure. The proposed structure applies four layers of dielectric plates and five layers of metal patches to provide a passband and exhibits more stable frequency responses and lower insertion loss under wide-angle oblique incidence compared with the typical three-layer metal-dielectric structure. According to the simulation results, the proposed FSS can achieve a passband range of 1.7–2.7 GHz with an insertion loss of less than 0.5 dB and a relative bandwidth of 44.1%, and it can preserve stable transmission characteristics with the incident angle ranging from 0° to 45°. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics