Table of Content

25 June 2010, Volume 8 Issue 2

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The whole issue of ZTE Communications June 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2

2010, 8(2):  0. 

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Special Topic

Hierarchically Switched Networks

Qian Hualin, E Yuepeng

2010, 8(2):  1-6. 

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The Internet of today is facing serious challenges including lack of routing system scalability, unpredictable network behavior, uncertainty of data packet paths, poor control and manageability, unachieved Quality of Service (QoS), vulnerability of network facilities to Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDOS) attacks, core router complexity, costliness, and high power consumption. All of these defects have their root causes in the routing system. This paper first proposes a new network architecture which combines network typology with addressing. It then highlights that reliability of the tree structure is guaranteed by the concepts of logical node and logical link. Furthermore, shortcut link technology makes tree topology more flexible, and IP routing can be replaced with IP switching. As a result, all flaws in the current Internet architecture can be overcome.

Evolvable Internet Architecture (EIA)

Bi Jun, Lin Pingping, Hu Hongyu

2010, 8(2):  7-11. 

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The end-to-end attribute of the Internet enables easy modification and deployment of applications running at the host. Competition among these applications promotes the development of the Internet. However, new protocols related to the core layer, and network routers and switches are often hard to successfully implement. This paper proposes an Evolvable Internet Architecture (EIA). It suggests that new network architectures can be plugged into network equipment or into a host through interfaces provided by EIA for network experimentation or actual network deployment. Users can independently select network architectures, and use one or some of these architectures at the same time. The diversity provided by EIA will promote the evolution of the Internet.

Bearer Network of the Future Internet

Jiang Lintao

2010, 8(2):  12-15. 

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The future Internet needs to support broadband services, fixed services, mobile services and a combination of these. Such a wide range of services and multi-processes between users demands flexible and effective network-wide resource scheduling and support. Two approaches are currently being studied: reformative method and revolutionary method. The reformative method, based on existing technology, uses various techniques to achieve improvement. Revolutionary method seeks to address future business demands by completely re-designing the network, and overcoming problems that cannot be solved by current IP networks.

Architecture of Ubiquitous Mobile Internet

Su Wei, Zhang Hongke

2010, 8(2):  16-20. 

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With shortcomings in its original design, the Internet is limited in its capacity to meet increasing demands from ubiquitous mobile users. This paper discusses a new architecture for ubiquitous mobile Internet as well as the models and theories of its two layers. The infrastructure layer allows users to access the Internet anywhere, anytime, and by any means, while the pervasive service layer supports a variety of services. This paper proposes a mobility management mechanism under the new architecture. Experimental results show that this new network architecture overcomes the shortcomings of the existing Internet, satisfying demand for ubiquitous mobile service.

Future Architecture and Mechanisms of the Self-Managing Internet

Li Yühong, Cheng Shiduan

2010, 8(2):  21-25. 

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This article introduces the architecture and mechanisms of the self-managing future Internet currently being developed by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project EFIPSANS. In this architecture, network functions are divided into four planes: decision, dissemination, discovery, and data. Decision Elements (DEs), managed entities, and other information collecting entities at different planes comprise control loops of four layers: the protocol layer, the function layer, the node layer, and the network layer. DEs and their related control loops contribute to network self-management and self-maintenance. This greatly reduces the need for intervention in the network, thus reducing costs and improving user experience. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has now established a new Industry Specification Group to standardize the self-managing Internet.

Services and Key Technologies of the Internet of Things

Xing Xiaojiang, Wang Jianli, Li Mingdong

2010, 8(2):  26-29. 

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This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development. Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services. For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed; for the last two types, development trends are discussed. Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society; with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications. It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.

A Study on the Standardization of Future Internet Architecture

He Baohong, Zhu Gang

2010, 8(2):  30-32. 

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Due to great changes in the application environment of the Internet, current Internet architecture, with "end-to-end transparency" as its principle, is facing challenges such as security, scalability, and Quality of Service (QoS). This paper introduces the design principles and concepts, evolutionary strategies and research status of future Internet architecture. It also analyzes problems and challenges in the process of its standardization, and discusses three evolutionary routes: reformative, integrated, and revolutionary

Research Paper

MAC Protocols for Distributed Cooperative Communication Networks

Sheng Min, Zhang Yan, Li Jiandong

2010, 8(2):  33-36. 

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Distributed cooperative networks use the cooperation among nodes to fulfill network resource sharing. However, designing an efficient Media Access Control (MAC) protocol is a key issue for the distributed cooperative network. Based on the principle of MAC-layer cooperation, this paper discusses problems and challenges for MAC protocol design in the distributed cooperative network. Through the analysis of typical cooperative MAC protocols and their performance, this paper concludes that only a reasonable MAC protocol design with the features and demands of distributed networks taken into account can make cooperative communication technology a better application in the distributed network.

Optimization of One-Plane Packet Loss in IP Bearer Networks

Lu Weifeng

2010, 8(2):  37-39. 

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The problem of one-plane packet loss of the IP bearer network in an Mc-interface mobile Softswitch system impacts Softswitch services in the active/standby access mode, and in the load balancing access mode. This paper focuses on optimization of the load balancing access mode. It also puts forward detailed suggestions for network optimization, providing a reference for mobile Softswitch network optimization and network security

Routing in Cognitive Networks

Li Hongyan, Li Jiandong, Hou Ronghui

2010, 8(2):  40-42. 

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Cognitive networks are capable of learning and reasoning. They can dynamically adapt to varying network conditions in order to optimize end-to-end performance and utilize network resources efficiently. This paper proposes a cognitive network routing scheme that includes a context information collection entity, a route manager entity, a route reconfiguration entity, and reasoning and learning entity

Development Field

Impacts of GPS Synchronization Loss on TD-SCDMA Network Performance

Ji Shuping, Liu Zhijian, Dong Hui

2010, 8(2):  43-47. 

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In Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems, the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal is often blocked or experiences interference. As a result, the GPS satellite cannot be found and synchronization cannot occur. Long out-of-sync periods can lead to timing differences between base stations, and if these differences are too large, they can affect the ability of Mobile Stations (MS) to search neighboring cells. This can also affect cell switchover, and cause Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS) to interfere with Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS). All these manifest as handover failures, call dropouts during handover, and a declining rate of call completion. As a consequence, user experience within the network is diminished. Researchers have found that when GPS synchronization is lost for more than 4 chips, network quality deteriorates noticably. When the loss is more than 10 chips, the MS may fail to locate a neighboring cell. When the loss is below 16 chips, the interference of DwPTS with UpPTS is not obvious in the first and second circles of the GPS out-of-sync cells. Studies show that, to protect network performance, the TD-SCDMA system allows for up to 4 chips of timing difference in the case of GPS synchronization loss.

Full-Service Operation and IMS Network Management

Chen Jian, Wang Dezheng, Liu Wei

2010, 8(2):  48-50. 

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IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) is considered as a comprehensive approach for full-service operation. However, traditional network management concepts are not applicable to IMS network management. This is because IMS is characterized by a flat, all-IP architecture, simplified functionality of Network Elements (NE), and a variety of NEs. This paper introduces an IMS network management system design that covers full-service operation. It then discusses the significant role IMS network management plays in the unification of NE management layers, the increasing importance of end-to-end applications, and the convergence of Enhanced Telecom Operation Map (eTOM) and IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL).

Operational Application

Integrated Network Management System for CSL

Yi Sa, Ma Zhiyong

2010, 8(2):  51-54. 

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CSL is a subsidiary of Australia’s Telstra Corporation and is the biggest mobile operator in Hong Kong. In March 2008, CSL contracted ZTE to evolve its existing mobile network into a new all-IP mobile network. To reduce the high Operating Expense (OPEX) of network operation and maintenance, CSL sought an Integrated Network Management System (INMS) to consolidate alarms from various network segments, and to improve network operation and maintenance efficiency. ZTE provided CSL with an integrated network solution based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) soft base stations. The SDR solution supports upgrade to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA+) and enables a smooth transition to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network.

Using OBSAI to Build the Baseband-RF Interface of Multi-Mode Base Stations

Mao Ming

2010, 8(2):  55-58. 

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The unique frame structure of Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI) is well-suited to transmitting data of different wireless standards. In a multi-mode base station built with OBSAI, the baseband-RF interface can effectively screen out the influence of different wireless standards over the data transport link. It can also support multiple wireless standards on a single hardware platform. With such an interface, the Baseband Unit (BBU) and Remote RF Unit (RF) need only be changed to support a new wireless standard, and as long as the rate of the optical interface remains the same, no software, hardware, or logic of other units needs modification.

Lecture Series

Cloud Computing (2)

Wang Bai, Xu Liutong

2010, 8(2):  59-62. 

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