Channel Measurement and Analysis of Human Body Radar Cross Section in 26 GHz ISAC Systems

doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202502002

ZTE Communications ›› 2025, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (2): 3-10.DOI: 10.12142/ZTECOM.202502002

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Channel Measurement and Analysis of Human Body Radar Cross Section in 26 GHz ISAC Systems

DUAN Hongyu¹^,², WANG Mengyang², DUO Hao³(), HE Danping², MA Yihua⁴, LU Bin⁵, ZHONG Zhangdui²

^1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
^2.School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
^3.CTTL Terminal Labs, China Academy of Information and Communication Technology, Beijing 100191, China
^4.State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen 518055, China
^5.China Telecom Research Institute, Guangzhou 510630, China

Received:2024-12-13 Online:2025-06-25 Published:2025-06-10
About author:DUAN Hongyu received his BE degree in information engineering from the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China in 2022. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University. His research interests include radio wave propagation, wireless channel modeling, and integrated sensing and communication.
WANG Mengyang received his BE degree in communication engineering from University of Jinan, China in 2024. He is pursuing a master's degree at the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China. His research interests include wireless channel modeling and integrated sensing and communication.
DUO Hao ( duohao@caict.ac.cn) is the Deputy Chief Engineer of CTTL-terminal at the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. He has been engaged in the research of wireless mobile communication technology for a long time. He has extensive experience in mobile terminal standardization work, both domestically and internationally, with a particular focus on mobile terminal device testing technology. He has completed over 30 industry-standard projects in China's mobile terminal industry and published over 10 papers in important domestic journals.
HE Danping is an associate professor with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China. Her current research interests include radio propagation and channel modeling, ray-tracing technologies, and wireless communication algorithm design. She received five best paper awards and the 2019 Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES)-China Young Scientist Award.
MA Yihua received his BE degree from Southeast University, China in 2015 and MS degree from Peking University, China in 2018. Since 2018, he has been with ZTE Corporation. He is now a senior expert in the Department of Wireless Algorithm of ZTE, and a member of the State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, China. His main research interests include integrated sensing and communications, distributed massive MIMO, and grant-free NOMA.
LU Bin received his master's and PhD degrees from the Department of Radio Engineering, South China University of Technology, China. He is now a senior engineer at the China Telecom Research Institute. His current research interests include wireless private networks, radio propagation and channel modeling, and wireless mobile digital twin technology.
ZHONG Zhangdui is a professor with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China. He is also a director of the Innovative Research Team of the Ministry of Education, China, and a Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Railways of China. He is an executive council member of the Radio Association of China and a deputy director of the Radio Association of Beijing, China. His research interests are wireless communications for railways, control theory and techniques for railways, and the GSM-R system.
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271043);Ministry of Education of China(8091B032123);Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L212029)

Abstract

Abstract:

Radar cross section (RCS) plays a critical role in modeling target scattering characteristics and enhancing the precision of target detection and localization in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems. This paper investigates the human body RCS at 26 GHz via multi-angle channel measurements under different clothing conditions. Based on calibrated electromagnetic (EM) parameters, the RCS characteristics of the human body in far-field conditions are analyzed using ray-tracing (RT) simulations. Some suggestions for the design of ISAC systems are also discussed. The results provide a solid theoretical foundation and practical reference for the modeling of target scattering characteristics for ISAC channels.

Key words: channel measurement, human body, radar cross section, integrated sensing and communication, ray-tracing

DUAN Hongyu, WANG Mengyang, DUO Hao, HE Danping, MA Yihua, LU Bin, ZHONG Zhangdui. Channel Measurement and Analysis of Human Body Radar Cross Section in 26 GHz ISAC Systems[J]. ZTE Communications, 2025, 23(2): 3-10.

Figures/Tables 11

Figure 1 Measurement system

Table 1 Configuration parameters of the measurement system

Measurement Parameter	Value
Center frequency	26 GHz
Bandwidth	1 GHz
Delay resolution	1 ns
Frequency samples	201
TX and RX heights from the ground	1.01 m
Distance between TX and RX	1.6 m
Antenna rotation angle towards the human body	±34°
Polarization mode	Vertical polarization
Antenna gain	22.4 dBi

Figure 2 Human body in different types of clothes

Figure 3 Measurement results of the subject in short clothes

Figure 4 Measurement results of the subject in long clothes

Figure 5 Working flow of calibration of EM parameters

Table 2 Comparison of initialized and calibrated EM parameters.

Material	Initialized				Calibrated
Material	$ϵ_{r e l}$	$δ$	$S$	$α_{R}$	$ϵ_{r e l}$	$δ$	$S$	$α_{R}$
Skin	1	0.1	1	1	17.7	0.953 1	0.88	16.5
Polyester	1	0.1	1	1	2.1	0.750 0	0.85	15.3
Cotton	1	0.1	1	1	2.8	0.700 0	0.83	14.2

Table 2 Comparison of initialized and calibrated EM parameters.

Material	Initialized				Calibrated
Material	$ϵ_{r e l}$	$δ$	$S$	$α_{R}$	$ϵ_{r e l}$	$δ$	$S$	$α_{R}$
Skin	1	0.1	1	1	17.7	0.953 1	0.88	16.5
Polyester	1	0.1	1	1	2.1	0.750 0	0.85	15.3
Cotton	1	0.1	1	1	2.8	0.700 0	0.83	14.2

Table 3 Error statistics

Outfit	Angle/(°)	Measurement Power/dBm	Simulation Power/dBm	Absolute Error/dB
Short	0	-45.20	-45.34	0.14
	45	-47.37	-47.70	0.36
	90	-49.85	-48.40	1.45
	135	-49.01	-50.45	1.44
	180	-41.36	-41.52	0.16
Long	0	-48.05	-47.93	0.12
	45	-50.05	-51.30	1.25
	90	-48.71	-48.85	0.14
	135	-51.30	-51.11	0.19
	180	-39.51	-42.44	2.93

Figure 6 RCS under short clothing

Figure 7 RCS under long clothing

Table 4 Statistics of RCS under different polarization modes

Outfit	Polarization	Mean Azimuth RCS/dBsm	Polarization	Mean Elevation RCS/dBsm
Short	H-H	-2.78	H-H	-7.83
	H-V	-19.3	H-V	-22.21
	V-H	-19.3	V-H	-22.21
	V-V	-2.52	V-V	-7.45
Long	H-H	-3.91	H-H	-8.17
	H-V	-18.82	H-V	-21.91
	V-H	-18.82	V-H	-21.91
	V-V	-3.59	V-V	-7.54

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Channel Measurement and Analysis of Human Body Radar Cross Section in 26 GHz ISAC Systems

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