Physical Layer Security for MmWave Communications: Challenges and Solutions

doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202204006

Abstract

Abstract:

The mmWave communication is a promising technique to enable human commutation and a large number of machine-type communications of massive data from various non-cellphone devices like Internet of Things (IoT) devices, autonomous vehicles and remotely controlled robots. For this reason, information security, in terms of the confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA), becomes more important in the mmWave communication than ever since. The physical layer security (PLS), which is based on the information theory and focuses on the secrecy capacity of the wiretap channel model, is a cost effective and scalable technique to protect the CIA, compared with the traditional cryptographic techniques. In this paper, the theory foundation of PLS is briefly introduced together with the typical PLS performance metrics secrecy rate and outage probability. Then, the most typical PLS techniques for mmWave are introduced, analyzed and compared, which are classified into three major categories of directional modulation (DM), artificial noise (AN), and directional precoding (DPC). Finally, several mmWave PLS research problems are briefly discussed, including the low-complexity DM weight vector codebook construction, impact of phase shifter (PS) with finite precision on PLS, and DM-based communications for multiple target receivers.

Key words: mmWave communication, physical layer security, phased array, directional modulation

HE Miao, LI Xiangman, NI Jianbing. Physical Layer Security for MmWave Communications: Challenges and Solutions[J]. ZTE Communications, 2022, 20(4): 41-51.

Figures/Tables 4

References 81

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Acronym	Definition
ADC	analog-to-digital converter
AN	artificial noise
BS	base station
CE	constant envelope
CJ	cooperative jamming
CSI	channel state information
DAC	digital-to-analog converter
DM	directional modulation
DMC	discrete memoryless channel
DPC	directional precoding
IoT	Internet of Things
IoV	Internet of Vehicles
LOS	line-of-sight
LTE	Long-Term Evolution
MIMO	multiple-input and multiple-output
MISO	multiple-input single-output
OFDM	orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OTP	one time pad
PA	power amplifier
PAPR	peak to average power ratio
PLS	physical layer security
PS	phase shifter
QPSK	quadratic phase shift keying
RF	radio frequency
SNR	signal-to-noise ratio
UAV	unmanned aerial vehicle
ULA	uniform linear array

Acronym	Definition
ADC	analog-to-digital converter
AN	artificial noise
BS	base station
CE	constant envelope
CJ	cooperative jamming
CSI	channel state information
DAC	digital-to-analog converter
DM	directional modulation
DMC	discrete memoryless channel
DPC	directional precoding
IoT	Internet of Things
IoV	Internet of Vehicles
LOS	line-of-sight
LTE	Long-Term Evolution
MIMO	multiple-input and multiple-output
MISO	multiple-input single-output
OFDM	orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OTP	one time pad
PA	power amplifier
PAPR	peak to average power ratio
PLS	physical layer security
PS	phase shifter
QPSK	quadratic phase shift keying
RF	radio frequency
SNR	signal-to-noise ratio
UAV	unmanned aerial vehicle
ULA	uniform linear array

Category	Hardware Cost	Computation Cost	Power Efficiency
DM	Medium	Depend	High
AN	Low	Medium	Low
DPC	High	High	High

Category	Hardware Cost	Computation Cost	Power Efficiency
DM	Medium	Depend	High
AN	Low	Medium	Low
DPC	High	High	High

MmWave PLS Technique	Category	Bob	Eve	Bob Antenna	Eve Antenna	CSI	Propagation
Subset array^[36]	DM	Single	Multiple	Single	Single	Bob only	Single path
Polygon^[39]	DM	Single	Multiple	Single	Single	Bob only	Multiple path
PZF^[50]	AN	Multiple	Single	Single	Multiple	Both	Single path
CEP^[68]	DPC	Multiple	Multiple	Single	Single	Both	Single path