Table of Content

25 March 2009, Volume 7 Issue 1

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The whole issue of ZTE Communications March 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1

2009, 7(1):  0. 

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Guest Paper

Broadband Mobile Data Service Era is Coming

Zhang Zhijiang

2009, 7(1):  1-3. 

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Special Topic

Carrier Ethernet Services and Technologies

Mi Zhengkun

2009, 7(1):  4-9. 

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Carrier Ethernet (CE ) services generally refer to the standardized carrier-class transfer services that feature in excellent scalability, reliability, manageability and Quality of Service (QoS ) guarantee, and are offered by carriers to users based on Ethernet technologies. One of the important characteristics of CE service is the diversity of its implementation technologies. Enhanced Ethernet technologies consider scalability as their chief objective so as to extend conventional Ethernet bridge technologies; the latest Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering (PBB-TE ) emerges as the technical trend of CE technology. Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS ) offers reliable Pseudowire (PW ) connections for CE based on Label Switching Path (LSP ). The convergence of MPLS and PBB is one of the important evolution trends for CE. Making full use of the existing Optical Transport Network (OTN ) infrastructure, the optical ring network technology is the most cost-efficient and effective way to deliver CE services; its future development trend is characterized by enhancing the Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM ) function and the control plane.

T-MPLS Technology and Application on Carrier Ethernet

Qu Hua, Zhao Jihong, Mao Hongbao

2009, 7(1):  10-15. 

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As a connection-oriented packet transport technology, Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching (T-MPLS ) is an important bearer technology for Carrier Ethernet (CE ). This article starts with the technological characteristics of T-MPLS, then goes on to the latest T -MPLS standardization progress and challenges, followed by the description of T -MPLS based CE architecture. Next, the article covers several key technologies related with T -MPLS, including the data forwarding plane, control plane, network survivability, and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM ). Finally, the article analyzes the applications of T-MPLS based CE.

VPLS Technology and Its Applications

Xu Minghai, Mi Zhengkun

2009, 7(1):  16-20. 

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Among all the metro Ethernet technologies, Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS ), a Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN ) technology, has drawn wide attention due to its simplicity, reliability, and ease of use. VPLS can implement multipoint-to-multipoint interconnection of Local Area Networks (LAN ) in the wide area. Its core elements include the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP ) based or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP ) based Pseudowire (PW ) setup and maintenance on the control plane, Media Access Control (MAC ) address learning on the data plane, and PW encapsulation on the transport plane. With hierarchical architecture, VPLS enables cross-domain Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN ) services. Benefitting from its unique technical advantages, VPLS supports a wide variety of applications including L2VPN for VIP customers, municipal communications infrastructure and personal distributed services.

Ring Network Technology for Carrier Ethernet

Zhang Yongjun, Yao Yu, Gu Wanyi

2009, 7(1):  21-24. 

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The fast development of IP services forces the traffic flow in the networks to move gradually from Time Division Multiplexing (TDM ) services to packet data services. To adapt to the change, low-cost Ethernet technologies are introduced into the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN ). Ring network control protocols and ring network protection technologies are applied to guarantee manageability and reliability required in the telecom networks. The Ethernet Ring Protection (ERP ) and Resilient Packet Ring (RPR ) are two different ring protection technologies. The Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching (T-MPLS ) network uses the T-MPLS Shared Protection Ring (TM-SPRing ) technology to provide ring protection. Carriers can expand the protection as needed and use appropriate ring technologies to meet the requirements of Carrier Ethernet (CE ).

Provider Backbone Transport Technology

Zhang Zailong, Fang Jun, Yu Jinghai

2009, 7(1):  25-29. 

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The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF ) put forward the concept of Carrier Ethernet (CE ) to improve Ethernet technology and make it a transmission convergence layer solution for Next Generation Network (NGN ). Provider Backbone Transport (PBT ) is the result of the enhancement and improvement of the early Ethernet technologies and it is the new version of CE implementation technology and standard which is promising. Through studying the PBT- related technologies, PBT network structure, PBT advantages as the transmission convergence layer solution and its trend of future development, it is concluded that PBT can be used as the preferred technology of the transmission convergence layer in the NGN, though there are some problems to be solved for PBT.

Test Technology for Carrier Ethernet

Zhao Feng

2009, 7(1):  30-32. 

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In order to compare the effectiveness of different Carrier Ethernet (CE ) technologies, test methods are described in terms of the features of CE defined by Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF ), including scalability, reliability, Quality of Service (QoS ), standardized services, and service management. It can be seen from the test results that the present CE technologies could satisfy basic requirements of carrier-class network on the abovementioned aspects. However, complete interworking could hardly be achieved between different CE solutions in the short term because of their great difference in service bearer capability, reliability, scalability, QoS and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM ) ability.

OAM Technology of Packet Transport Network

He Tingzong

2009, 7(1):  33-35. 

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The Packet Transport Network (PTN ) technology includes Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching (T-MPLS ) and Provider Backbone Transport (PBT ). T-MPLS is the simplified and reformed Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS ). It drops MPLS’connectionless features and its transport-unrelated forwarding processing, but adds the network model of the transport layer, protection switching and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM ) functionality. PBT enforces both OAM and protection functions, adds Time Division Multiplexing (TDM ) business simulation and clock functions, and strengthens multi-service support capability. But PBT has no functions of traditional Ethernet address learning, address broadcast and Spanning Tree Protocol (STP ). Both T-MPLS and PBT can well satisfy the requirements of packet transport. Compared to PBT, T-MPLS has better OAM functions.

Technology Development and Deployment Strategy of Carrier Ethernet

Xu Xianghui, Chen Yunqing

2009, 7(1):  36-39. 

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Carrier Ethernet (CE ) is gradually stepping away from standardization and testing to deployment and application in live networks. Although great improvement has been made in the reliability of various CE technologies, there is need for improvement in their Quality of Service (QoS ), Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM ), especially the multi-vendor interoperability. The deployment of CE should be service-oriented, and the factors, such as maturity of related technologies and standards, deployment costs, and the complexity of network reconstruction as well as the interoperability with other vendors, should be taken into full consideration to flexibly select appropriate networking technology for different application scenarios according to technical features.

Location-Based Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Network

Zheng Kai, Tong Libiao, Lu Wenjun

2009, 7(1):  40-44. 

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Routing algorithms based on geographical location is an important research subject in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN ). They use location information to guide routing discovery and maintenance as well as packet forwarding, thus enabling the best routing to be selected, reducing energy consumption and optimizing the whole network. Through three aspects involving the flooding restriction scheme, the virtual area partition scheme and the best routing choice scheme, the importance of location information is seen in the routing algorithm.

Research Paper

IMS for Enterprise Applications

Li Mo

2009, 7(1):  45-48. 

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In response to the change of communication needs, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS ) was envisioned to provide a sound session control for the multimedia conversional services. IMS technology has been slowly adopted by operators for variety of services. In fact, the IMS used in the enterprise has different features and capabilities than the one used by the general public. This paper provides a very brief overview of IMS and then investigates the IMS which is used in the enterprise and focuses on the challenges in providing IMS to the enterprise and ZTE’s solutions to those issues.

Operational Application

QoS Mechanism in EPS

Huang Tao, Zhang Zhijiang, Liu Yunjie

2009, 7(1):  49-53. 

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To adapt to the development of mobile communication technologies in the next 10-year timeframe and better meet an ever-increasing demand for data services, 3GPP has started the Long Term Evolution (LTE ) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE ) study projects. In view of the high-speed and bursty feature of future data services, the Evolved Packet System (EPS ) makes quite a few enhancements and improvements in Quality of Service (QoS ). By introducing such technologies as default bearer and aggregate resource scheduling, the EPS truly realizes the objective of "Always Online" for users, improves data rates and thus enhances user experience ultimately. Furthermore, an appropriate mapping between the EPS QoS Class Identifier (QCI ) parameter and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS ) QoS parameter is designed regarding future interoperability scenario between UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN ) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN ).

Development Field

Parallel Processing Design for LTE PUSCH Demodulation and Decoding Based on Multi-Core Processor

Zhang Ziran, Li Jun, Li Changxiao

2009, 7(1):  54-58. 

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The Long Term Evolution (LTE ) system imposes high requirements for dispatching delay. Moreover, very large air interface rate of LTE requires good processing capability for the devices processing the baseband signals. Consequently, the single-core processor cannot meet the requirements of LTE system. This paper analyzes how to use multi-core processors to achieve parallel processing of uplink demodulation and decoding in LTE systems and designs an approach to parallel processing. The test results prove that this approach works quite well.

Lecture Series

Cooperative Communication and Cognitive Radio (1)

Luo Tao, Hao Jianjun, Yue Guangxin

2009, 7(1):  59-64. 

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