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    25 September 2020, Volume 18 Issue 3
    Special Topic
    Editorial: Special Topic on Antennas and RF Technologies for 5G/B5G Mobile Communications
    2020, 18(3):  1-2.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003001
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    Leaky-Wave Antennas for 5G/B5G Mobile Communication Systems: A Survey
    HE Yejun, JIANG Jiachun, ZHANG Long, LI Wenting, WONG Sai-Wai, DENG Wei, CHI Baoyong
    2020, 18(3):  3-11.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003002
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    Since leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) have the advantages of high directivity, low loss and structural simplicity, LWAs are very suitable for designing millimeter-wave (mmW) antennas. The purpose of this paper is to review the latest research progress of LWAs for 5G/B5G mobile communication systems. Firstly, the conventional classification and design methods of LWAs are introduced and the effects of the phase constant and attenuation constant on the radiation characteristics are discussed. Then two types of new LWAs for 5G/B5G mobile communication systems including broadband fixed-beam LWAs and frequency-fixed beam-scanning LWAs are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of LWAs for 5G/B5G mobile communication systems are presented.

    Multibeam Antenna Based on Butler Matrix for 3G/LTE/5G/B5G Base Station Applications
    YE Lianghua, CAO Yunfei, ZHANG Xiuyin
    2020, 18(3):  12-19.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003003
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    With the rapid development of mobile communication technology and the explosion of data traffic, high capacity communication with high data transmission rate is urgently needed in densely populated areas. Since multibeam antennas are able to increase the communication capacity and support a high data transmission rate, they have attracted a lot of research interest and have been actively investigated for base station applications. In addition, since multi-beam antennas based on Butler matrix (MABBMs) have the advantages of high gain, easy design and low profile, they are suitable for base station applications. The purposes of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing MABBMs. The specifications, principles of operation, design method and implementation of MABBMs are presented. The challenge of MABBMs for 3G/LTE/5G/B5G base station applications is discussed in the end.

    A Novel 28 GHz Phased Array Antenna for 5G Mobile Communications
    LI Yezhen, REN Yongli, YANG Fan, XU Shenheng, ZHANG Jiannian
    2020, 18(3):  20-25.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003004
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    A novel phased array antenna consisting of 256 elements is presented and experimentally verified for 5G millimeter-wave wireless communications. The antenna integrated with a wave control circuit can perform real-time beam scanning by reconfiguring the phase of an antenna unit. The unit, designed at 28 GHz using a simple patch structure with one PIN diode, can be electronically controlled to generate 1 bit phase quantization. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. The measurement results indicate that the antenna achieves high gain and fast beam-steering, with the scan beams within ±60° range and the maximum gain up to 21.7 dBi. Furthermore, it is also tested for wireless video transmission. In ZTE Shanghai, the antenna was used for the 5G New Radio (NR) test. The error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 3% and the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) less than -35 dBc, which can meet 5G system requirements. Compared with the conventional phased array antenna, the proposed phased array has the advantages of low power consumption, low cost and conformal geometry. Due to these characteristics, the antenna is promising for wide applications in 5G millimeter-wave communication systems.

    Design of Millimeter-Wave Antenna-in-Package (AiP) for 5G NR
    CHANG Su-Wei, LIN Chueh-Jen, TSAI Wen-Tsai, HUNG Tzu-Chieh, HUANG Po-Chia
    2020, 18(3):  26-32.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003005
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    For 5G new radio (NR), there are two frequency bands: Frequency Range 1 (FR?1) (low frequency) and Frequency Range 2 (FR?2) (millimeter?wave frequency). Millimeter?wave has been officially utilized in mobile applications. The wide bandwidth is the key for the millimeter-wave band. However, higher loss has become the major challenge for the wide use of this frequency range. Antenna array and beamforming technologies have been introduced to resolve the path loss and coverage problems. The key design considerations of the beamforming antenna array are low loss, compact system and small size. Antenna-in-package (AiP) has become the most attractive technology for millimeter-wave front-end system. For the design of AiP, many parameters such as RF transition, material and heat need to be considered and designed properly. The Over?the?Air (OTA) testing technology is also very critical for AiP mass production. In this paper, the detail of AiP design and new OTA testing technology are discussed and demonstrated.

    Integrated 3D Fan-out Package of RF Microsystem and Antenna for 5G Communications
    XIA Chenhui, WANG Gang, WANG Bo, MING Xuefei
    2020, 18(3):  33-41.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003006
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    A 3D fan-out packaging method for the integration of 5G communication RF microsystem and antenna is studied. First of all, through the double-sided wiring technology on the glass wafer, the fabrication of 5G antenna array is realized. Then the low power devices such as through silicon via (TSV) transfer chips, filters and antenna tuners are flip-welded on the glass wafer, and the glass wafer is reformed into a wafer permanently bonded with glass and resin by the injection molding process with resin material. Finally, the thinning resin surface leaks out of the TSV transfer chip, the rewiring is carried out on the resin surface, and then the power amplifier, low-noise amplifier, power management and other devices are flip-welded on the resin wafer surface. A ball grid array (BGA) is implanted to form the final package. The loss of the RF transmission line is measured by using the RF millimeter wave probe table. The results show that the RF transmission loss from the chip end to the antenna end in the fan-out package is very small, and it is only 0.26 dB/mm when working in 60 GHz. A slot coupling antenna is designed on the glass wafer. The antenna can operate at 60 GHz and the maximum gain can reach 6 dB within the working bandwidth. This demonstration successfully provides a feasible solution for the 3D fan-out integration of RF microsystem and antenna in 5G communications.

    Electromagnetic Simulation with 3D FEM for Design Automation in 5G Era
    BALEWSKI Lukasz, BARANOWSKI Michal, JASINSKI Maciej, LAMECKI Adam, MROZOWSKI Michal
    2020, 18(3):  42-48.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003007
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    Electromagnetic simulation and electronic design automation (EDA) play an important role in the design of 5G antennas and radio chips. The simulation challenges include electromagnetic effects and long simulation time and this paper focuses on simulation software based on finite-element method (FEM). The state-of-the-art EDA software using novel computational techniques based on FEM can not only accelerate numerical analysis, but also enable optimization, sensitivity analysis and interactive design tuning based on rigorous electromagnetic model of a device. Several new techniques that help to mitigate the most challenging issues related to FEM based simulation are highlighted. In particular, methods for fast frequency sweep, mesh morphing and surrogate models for efficient optimization and manual design tuning are briefly described, and their efficiency is illustrated on examples involving a 5G multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna and filter. It is demonstrated that these new computational techniques enable significant reduction of time needed for design closure with the acceleration rates as large as tens or even over one hundred.

    Robust Digital Predistortion for LTE/5G Power Amplifiers Utilizing Negative Feedback Iteration
    LIU Xin, CHEN Wenhua, WANG Dehan, NING Dongfang
    2020, 18(3):  49-56.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003008
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    A robust digital predistortion (DPD) technique utilizing negative feedback iteration is introduced for linearizing power amplifiers (PAs) in long term evolution (LTE)/5G systems. Different from the conventional direct learning and indirect learning structure, the proposed DPD suggests a two-step method to identify the predistortion. Firstly, a negative feedback based iteration is used to estimate the optimal DPD signal. Then the corresponding DPD parameters are extracted by forward modeling with the input signal and optimal DPD signal. The iteration can be applied to both single-band and dual-band PAs, which will achieve superior linear performance than the conventional direct learning DPD while having a relatively low computational complexity. The measurement is carried out on a broadband Doherty PA (DPA) with a 200 MHz bandwidth LTE signal at 2.1 GHz, and on a 5G DPA with two 10 MHz LTE signals at 3.4/3.6 GHz for validation in dual-band scenarios.

    Review
    A Survey of Wi-Fi Sensing Techniques with Channel State Information
    CHEN Liangqin, TIAN Liping, XU Zhimeng, CHEN Zhizhang
    2020, 18(3):  57-63.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003009
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    A review of signal processing algorithms employing Wi-Fi signals for positioning and recognition of human activities is presented. The principles of how channel state information (CSI) is used and how the Wi-Fi sensing systems operate are reviewed. It provides a brief introduction to the algorithms that perform signal processing, feature extraction and recognitions, including location, activity recognition, physiological signal detection and personal identification. Challenges and future trends of Wi-Fi sensing are also discussed in the end.

    Research Paper
    Non‑Negligible Influences of Rain on 5G Millimeter Wave Terrestrial Communication System
    GONG Shuhong, ZHANG Xingmin, DOU Jianwu, HUANG Weifang
    2020, 18(3):  64-70.  doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202003010
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    The impacts of rain on millimeter wave (mmW) terrestrial links, which are inevitably affected by ground-objects-induced multipath propagation, are presented based on the signal time series data measured at 35 GHz. We analyze the coupled influence mechanism of rain-induced and ground-objects-induced multipath propagation on mmW terrestrial links. It can be deduced that the rain-induced impacts on millimeter wave terrestrial links cannot be neglected. The results given in this paper are significant for developing 5G millimeter wave terrestrial mobile communication links.

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    The whole issue of ZTE Communications September 2020, Vol. 18 No. 3
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