Variable Bit Rate Fuzzy Control for Low Delay Video Coding

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5188.2017.02.008

ZTE Communications ›› 2017, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (2): 55-65.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5188.2017.02.008

• Research Paper • Previous Articles

Variable Bit Rate Fuzzy Control for Low Delay Video Coding

ZHONG Min¹, ZHOU Yimin¹, LUO Minke¹, ZUO Wen²

¹ School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
² Audio and Video Technology Platform Department, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen 518057, China

Received:2015-12-28 Online:2017-04-25 Published:2019-12-24
About author:ZHONG Min (754172961@qq.com) received the M.S. degree in computer science from the College of Computer Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2016. She is a test development engineer with Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. She majored in image and video coding during the graduate study and keeps the research interest in video coding technology.|ZHOU Yimin (yiminzhou@uestc.edu.cn) received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from the College of Computer Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) in 2003, 2006 and 2009 respectively. He joined the College of Computer Science, UESTC in 2009 and became an associate professor in 2012. His research interests include image and video coding, streaming and processing, and visual perception and applications. He has authored or co-authored over 30 papers in journals and conferences. He has three granted parents and over 10 patent applications. He pays special attention to the video encoding standards like HEVC, IVC and AVS. His two proposals were adopted to the MPEG and over 20 proposals adopted to the AVS.|LUO Minke (544751189@qq.com) received his B.S. degree from Southwest University of Science and Technology in 2013 and M.S degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2016, both in computer science. During the period of postgraduate, he followed professor ZHOU Yimin to study video coding and focused on bit rate control related research. His research interests include network video transmission, quality control, etc. He has authored or co-authored two journal papers and three patent applications. His five proposals have been adopted by the AVS group.|ZUO Wen (wenz0503@qq.com) received his master’s degree from Nanjing University, China in 2006. He worked with ZTE Corporation as a video system engineer. His current research interests include video encoding and application. He has authored or co-authored over 30 invention patents in his research area.
Supported by:
This work is supported by ZTE Industry-Academia-Research Cooperation Funds under Grant(No. CON1503180004);the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China under Gant(No. 2014M552342);the Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, China under Grant(No. 2014GZ0005)

Abstract

Abstract:

Rate control plays a critical role in achieving perceivable video quality under a variable bit rate, limited buffer sizes and low delay applications. Since a rate control system exhibits non-linear and unpredictable characteristics, it is difficult to establish a very accurate rate-distortion (R-D) model and acquire effective rate control performance. Considering the excellent control ability and low computing complexity of the fuzzy logic in non-linear systems, this paper proposes a bit-rate control algorithm based on a fuzzy controller, named the Fuzzy Rate Control Algorithm (FRCA), for All-Intra (AI) and low-delay (LD) video source coding. Contributions of the proposed FRCA mainly consist of four aspects. First, fuzzy logic is adopted to minimize the deviation between the actual and the target buffer size in the hypothetical reference decoder (HRD). Second, a fast lookup table is employed in fuzzy rate control, which reduces computing cost of the control process. Third, an input domain determination scheme is proposed to improve the precision of the fuzzy controller. Fourth, a novel scene change detection is introduced and integrated in the FRCA to adaptively adjust the Group-of-Pictures (GOP) length when the source content fluctuates. The FRCA can be transplanted and implemented in various industry coders. Extensive experiments show that the FRCA has accurate variable bit-rate control ability and maintains a steady buffer size during the encoding processes. Compared with the default configuration encoding under AI and LD, the proposed FRCA can achieve the target bit rates more accurately in various classical encoders.

Key words: rate control, video coding, fuzzy control, bit per pixel, rate-distortion model

ZHONG Min, ZHOU Yimin, LUO Minke, ZUO Wen. Variable Bit Rate Fuzzy Control for Low Delay Video Coding[J]. ZTE Communications, 2017, 15(2): 55-65.

Figures/Tables 12

References 29

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2	-2.0	-2.0	-1.1	-1.1	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.1	2.0	2.0	3.6	3.6	3.6
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4	-0.3	-0.3	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.1	2.4	2.4	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	4.8
5	-0.3	-0.3	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.1	2.4	2.4	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	4.8
6	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.3	2.0	2.0	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.9	4.8	4.8	4.8

Variable Bit Rate Fuzzy Control for Low Delay Video Coding

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Figures/Tables 12

References 29

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		MPEG-2			MPEG-4			H.263+			H.264/AVC
Resolution	Seq. name	α	β	P²	α	β	P²	α	β	P²	α	β	P²
QCIF	Akiyo	0.076	0.045	0.932	0.041	0.050	0.846	0.039	0.046	0.827	0.589	0.111	0.979
	Carphone	0.222	0.066	0.930	0.129	0.063	0.866	0.145	0.072	0.903	3.213	0.132	0.996
	Coastguard	0.538	0.083	0.958	0.314	0.088	0.937	0.376	0.090	0.944	20.495	0.168	0.998
	Deadline	0.223	0.070	0.952	0.141	0.080	0.915	0.163	0.086	0.947	3.296	0.133	0.999
CIF	Bus	3.299	0.075	0.966	2.391	0.081	0.960	2.775	0.081	0.962	60.099	0.142	1.000
	Coastguard	2.485	0.083	0.961	1.692	0.087	0.944	1.831	0.086	0.945	149.425	0.177	0.995
	Football	2.288	0.065	0.950	1.833	0.068	0.946	2.133	0.061	0.938	38.644	0.122	0.998
	Harbour	3.422	0.084	0.973	2.553	0.093	0.965	2.773	0.094	0.968	150.684	0.170	0.995
4CIF	City	5.943	0.077	0.930	3.468	0.072	0.900	3.935	0.072	0.909	411.483	0.188	0.986
	Crew	3.991	0.049	0.876	2.966	0.047	0.871	3.206	0.040	0.857	192.370	0.154	0.990
	Harbour	7.984	0.076	0.955	5.954	0.079	0.945	6.297	0.079	0.946	451.766	0.165	0.999
	Ice	1.901	0.050	0.912	1.258	0.019	0.676	1.543	0.043	0.892	27.528	0.120	0.992
WQVGA	BasketballPass	0.974	0.066	0.939	0.677	0.064	0.904	0.731	0.066	0.919	17.868	0.130	1.000
	BlowingBubbles	1.915	0.089	0.957	1.137	0.089	0.930	1.316	0.090	0.940	54.966	0.161	0.999
	BQSquare	3.133	0.083	0.984	2.444	0.096	0.969	2.756	0.099	0.981	109.042	0.175	0.995
	RaceHorses	2.094	0.081	0.941	1.362	0.079	0.919	1.501	0.079	0.918	45.569	0.141	1.000
WVGA	BasketballDrill	3.009	0.060	0.912	2.094	0.054	0.884	2.247	0.052	0.889	60.816	0.132	0.998
	BQMall	4.215	0.068	0.942	2.929	0.065	0.922	3.119	0.066	0.927	93.920	0.141	0.998
	PartyScene	12.841	0.091	0.980	9.566	0.100	0.969	10.112	0.100	0.970	385.835	0.162	0.998
	RaceHorses	8.660	0.080	0.957	6.081	0.082	0.932	6.509	0.076	0.926	375.714	0.162	1.000
720p	DucksTakeOff	27.178	0.084	0.965	20.618	0.087	0.956	21.058	0.086	0.955	1201.25	0.157	0.997
	OldTownCross	6.891	0.080	0.912	3.562	0.053	0.795	3.999	0.067	0.867	450.266	0.196	0.964
	Shields	8.914	0.076	0.904	4.908	0.063	0.872	5.247	0.065	0.888	1244.72	0.210	0.973
	Mobcal	17.292	0.095	0.954	9.766	0.089	0.921	10.886	0.092	0.934	2125.11	0.226	0.988
1080p	Beach	14.590	0.061	0.962	12.128	0.053	0.955	16.682	0.043	0.960	268.107	0.123	0.999
	BQTerrace	26.421	0.095	0.955	15.345	0.080	0.945	17.863	0.084	0.955	5276.24	0.227	0.990
	Cactus	13.595	0.077	0.936	8.201	0.056	0.917	9.026	0.060	0.937	2699.6	0.209	0.980
	ParkScene	14.508	0.081	0.944	8.636	0.062	0.915	9.245	0.066	0.927	969.87	0.179	0.991
Average			0.0746	0.9442		0.0713	0.9098		0.0728	0.9261		0.1611	0.9927

	Sequence	Frequency (Hz)	Frames
QCIF	Akiyo (160)+Bridge (180)+Claire (200)+Container (220) +Deadline (240)	30	1000
CIF	Coastguard (160)+Soccer (180)+City (200)+Foreman (220) +Silent (240)	30	1000
4CIF	Soccer (220) + Ice (240) + City (260) + Harbor (280)	30	1000
WQVGA	BasketballPass (360)+BlowingBubbles (440)+BQSquare (520) +RaceHorses (280)	50	1600
WVGA	BasketballDrill (360)+BQMall (520)+ PartyScene (440)+RaceHorses (280)	50	1600
720p	InToTree (240)+Mobcal (280)+OldTown (320)+Shields_ter (360) + Stockholm (400)	25	1600
1080p	Kimono (240)+ParkScene (240)+Beach (250)+Cactus (390)+ BQTerrace (480)	25	1600

	AI				LD
	MPEG-2	MPEG-4	H.263+	H.264/AVC	MPEG-2	MPEG-4	H.263+	H.264/AVC
QCIF	0.004%	0.003%	0.004%	0.007%	0.107%	0.030%	0.107%	0.035%
CIF	0.004%	0.006%	0.005%	0.008%	0.011%	0.025%	0.032%	0.012%
4CIF	0.428%	0.005%	0.030%	0.006%	0.006%	0.002%	0.007%	0.004%
WQVGA	0.003%	0.002%	0.001%	0.007%	0.002%	0.006%	0.004%	0.009%
WVGA	0.004%	0.003%	0.003%	0.004%	0.007%	0.007%	0.017%	0.009%
720p	0.001%	0.004%	0.002%	0.005%	0.011%	0.005%	0.016%	0.010%
1080p	0.020%	0.009%	0.019%	0.028%	0.065%	0.100%	0.078%	0.111%
Average	0.066%	0.004%	0.009%	0.009%	0.030%	0.025%	0.037%	0.027%

Sequence	Default RC		FRCA
Sequence	AI	LD	AI	LD
HEVC-A	20.17%	7.94%	0.09%	0.08%
HEVC-B	24.12%	4.54%	0.04%	0.07%
HEVC-C	18.32%	5.51%	0.03%	0.03%
HEVC-D	7.83%	1.49%	0.01%	0.02%
HEVC-E	9.23%	5.61%	0.02%	0.07%
Overall	19.33%	5.74%	0.04%	0.06%

[1]	LIN Tao, ZHAO Liping, ZHOU Kailun. Screen Content Coding in HEVC and Beyond [J]. ZTE Communications, 2016, 14(S0): 51-58.
[2]	ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Caixia, ZHAO Xin. Review of AVS Audio Coding Standard [J]. ZTE Communications, 2016, 14(2): 56-62.
[3]	Shanshe Wang, Falei Luo, Siwei Ma. Overview of the Second Generation AVS Video Coding Standard (AVS2) [J]. ZTE Communications, 2016, 14(1): 3-11.
[4]	Bin Li, Jizheng Xu. An Introduction to High Efficiency Video Coding Range Extensions [J]. ZTE Communications, 2016, 14(1): 12-18.
[5]	Tao Lin. Screen Content Coding with Primary and Secondary Reference Buffers for String Matching and Copying [J]. ZTE Communications, 2015, 13(4): 53-60.
[6]	Luigi Atzori, Alessandro Floris, Giaime Ginesu, and Daniele D. Giusto. Estimating Reduced-Reference Video Quality for Quality-Based Streaming Video [J]. ZTE Communications, 2013, 11(1): 17-26.
[7]	Siwei Ma, Shiqi Wang, and Wen Gao. AVS 3D Video Coding Technology and System [J]. ZTE Communications, 2012, 10(2): 13-18.

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
PB	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PM	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PS	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0
ZO	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0
NS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0
NM	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0
NB	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
PB	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PM	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PS	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0
ZO	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0
NS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0
NM	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0
NB	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1

	NB	NM	NS	ZO	PS	PM	PB
NB	NB	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO
NM	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS
NS	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS
ZO	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM
PS	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM
PM	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM	PB
PB	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PB	PB	PB

	NB	NM	NS	ZO	PS	PM	PB
NB	NB	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO
NM	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS
NS	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS
ZO	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM
PS	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM
PM	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM	PB
PB	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PB	PB	PB

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
-6	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-5	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-4	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-3	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-2	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
-1	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
0	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
1	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
2	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
4	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
5	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
6	0	0	0	0	2	2	4	4	4	4	5	5	5

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
-6	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-5	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-4	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-3	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-2	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
-1	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
0	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
1	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
2	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
4	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
5	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
6	0	0	0	0	2	2	4	4	4	4	5	5	5

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
PB	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PM	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PS	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0
ZO	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0
NS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0
NM	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0
NB	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
PB	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PM	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
PS	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0
ZO	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0	0	0
NS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0	0	0
NM	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1	0.5	0
NB	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1

	NB	NM	NS	ZO	PS	PM	PB
NB	NB	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO
NM	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS
NS	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS
ZO	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM
PS	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM
PM	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM	PB
PB	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PB	PB	PB

	NB	NM	NS	ZO	PS	PM	PB
NB	NB	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO
NM	NB	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS
NS	NM	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS
ZO	NM	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM
PS	NS	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM
PM	NS	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PM	PB
PB	ZO	PS	PS	PM	PB	PB	PB

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
-6	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-5	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-4	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-3	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-2	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
-1	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
0	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
1	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
2	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
4	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
5	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
6	0	0	0	0	2	2	4	4	4	4	5	5	5

	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
-6	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-5	-5	-5	-5	-5	-4	-4	-3	-3	-2	-2	0	0	0
-4	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-3	-5	-5	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	0
-2	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
-1	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2
0	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
1	-3	-3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	3
2	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
3	-2	-2	-1	-1	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
4	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
5	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	4	4	4	4	5
6	0	0	0	0	2	2	4	4	4	4	5	5	5