Payload Encoding Representation from Transformer for Encrypted Traffic Classification

doi:10.12142/ZTECOM.202104010

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

Traffic identification becomes more important, yet more challenging as related encryption techniques are rapidly developing nowadays. Unlike recent deep learning methods that apply image processing to solve such encrypted traffic problems, in this paper, we propose a method named Payload Encoding Representation from Transformer (PERT) to perform automatic traffic feature extraction using a state-of-the-art dynamic word embedding technique. By implementing traffic classification experiments on a public encrypted traffic data set and our captured Android HTTPS traffic, we prove the proposed method can achieve an obvious better effectiveness than other compared baselines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the encrypted traffic classification with the dynamic word embedding has been addressed.

Key words: traffic identification, encrypted traffic classification, natural language processing, deep learning, dynamic word embedding

. [J]. ZTE Communications, 2021, 19(4): 90-97.

HE Hongye, YANG Zhiguo, CHEN Xiangning. Payload Encoding Representation from Transformer for Encrypted Traffic Classification[J]. ZTE Communications, 2021, 19(4): 90-97.

图/表 10

参考文献 16

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Parameter	Value	Description
hidden_size	768	Vector size of the encoding outputs (embedding vectors)
num_hidden_layers	12	Number of encoders used in the encoding network
num_attention_heads	12	Number of attention heads used in the multi-head attention mechanism
intermediate_size	3 072	Size of the hidden vectors in FNN networks
input_length	128	Amount of tokenized bigrams used in a single packet

Parameter	Value	Description
hidden_size	768	Vector size of the encoding outputs (embedding vectors)
num_hidden_layers	12	Number of encoders used in the encoding network
num_attention_heads	12	Number of attention heads used in the multi-head attention mechanism
intermediate_size	3 072	Size of the hidden vectors in FNN networks
input_length	128	Amount of tokenized bigrams used in a single packet

Model	Precision	Recall	F1
ML-1^[16]	0.819 4	0.813 6	0.816 4
ML-2	0.890 1	0.889 6	0.889 8
CNN-1D^[7]	0.861 6	0.860 5	0.861 0
CNN-2D^[7]	0.842 5	0.842 0	0.842 2
HAST-I^[10]	0.875 7	0.872 9	0.874 2
HAST-II^[10]	0.850 2	0.842 7	0.840 9
PERT	0.932 7	0.932 2	0.932 3

Model	Precision	Recall	F1
ML-1^[16]	0.819 4	0.813 6	0.816 4
ML-2	0.890 1	0.889 6	0.889 8
CNN-1D^[7]	0.861 6	0.860 5	0.861 0
CNN-2D^[7]	0.842 5	0.842 0	0.842 2
HAST-I^[10]	0.875 7	0.872 9	0.874 2
HAST-II^[10]	0.850 2	0.842 7	0.840 9
PERT	0.932 7	0.932 2	0.932 3

Model	Precision	Recall	F1
ML-1^[16]	/	/	/
ML-2	0.735 1	0.733 5	0.732 1
CNN-1D^[7]	0.770 9	0.768 3	0.766 8
CNN-2D^[7]	0.768 4	0.765 9	0.764 3
HAST-I^[10]	0.820 1	0.818 5	0.816 7
HAST-II^[10]	0.792 4	0.781 3	0.782 6
PERT	0.904 2	0.900 3	0.900 7